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The comparative typology of English, Russian and Uzbek languages |
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Карабин, 6x60 мм. he mi is ry of Higher a d Seco dary Special Educa io of he republic of Uzbekis a « he compara ive ypology of E glish, Russia a d Uzbek la guages» Gulis a 2007 I roduc io A sile ce would be a lo ely world. o lis e , o a swer, o share our hough a d ideas hrough speech a d heari g his is o e of he mos exci i g por s of bei g huma . I is o doub rue ha s ude s grow oward ma uri y a d i depe de ce of hough as hey progress hrough he grades; bu his grow h is o as a rule a sharp a d sudde o e, or does he psychology of he s ude s u dergo a y grea cha ge duri g he various levels of he fu dame al pri ciples ha u derlie he work of he U iversi y remai he same from year o year. he eed i every level is o bri g abou academic grow h by providi g ear a d broader experie ces. While worki g a school fou d ou how difficul for he s ude s of he seco dary school, defi i e he a io al groups, o lear E glish, because here are o preposi io s i Uzbek, bu i E glish we have. If we alk abou ge der we have, of course some similari ies. A d whe , I ried hem o explai some examples i compariso hey lear ed hose words be er ha I hough . hus, he goal of he research is o i ves iga e grammar of he E glish la guage i compariso wi h he Uzbek, o i ves iga e pho e ics, i compariso E glish wi h Uzbek. he e abli g objec ives are as follows: o review li era ure of compara ive la guages (E glish a d Uzbek) i order o make heore ically we-mo iva ed discussio s o he choice of compariso . o a alyze he par s of speech of he E glish la guage a d he Uzbek la guage. he ovel y is ha his work co ai s he compara ive a alyses of he E glish grammar, pho e ics a d co s ruc io of he se e ce. he s ude made her ow i ves iga io fi di g ma y examples of compariso o o ly i E glish, a d i Uzbek. Ma erials a d li era ure which she used were « he compara ive ypology of E glish a d urkic la guages», he lec ures o «Compara ive ypology» a d « heory of pho e ics» by A. Abduazizov. he qualifica io work co sis s of several par s where she ope ed a d a alyzed he heme. 1. Mai par 1.1 Compara ive ypology of E glish a d Uzbek he word ypology co sis s of wo Greek morphemes: a) ypos mea s ype a d b) logos mea s scie ce or word. ypology is a bra ch of scie ce which is ypical o all scie ces wi hou a y excep io . I his respec heir ypological me hod is o limi ed wi h he sphere of o e scie ce. I has a u iversal rise. So ypology may be divided i o: o -li guis ic a d Li guis ic ypology o -li guis ic ypology is he subjec ma er of he scie ces excep li guis ics. Li guis ic ypology is a ew bra ch of ge eral li guis ic which s udies he sys ems of la guages compara ively, also fi ds commo laws of la guages a d es ablishes differe ces a d similari ies be wee hem. ypological classifica io of la guages. I li guis ics we may come across ma y erms as o he ermi ological a ure of li guis ic ypology. he are: 1. Compara ive me hods, 2. Compara ive – his orical me hod, 3. Compara ive (or co ras ive) li guis ics, 4. Compara ive ypology, 5. Compara ive grammar, 6. Co o a io grammar, 7. Descrip ive – compara ive li guis ics a d o he erms used i Russia a d Uzbek are o exac ei her.
hey are: сравнительная грамматика, сопоставительная грамматика, сравнительно-историческое языкознание, контрастивная лингвистика, сравнительная типология i Russia a d қиёсий типология, қиёсий тарихий тилшунослик, қиёсий грамматика, қиёсий тилшунослик a d so o i Uzbek. Classifica io of li guis ic ypology. Accordi g o he o io of compariso of li guis ics phe ome o a d he aim direc ed o we may classify li guis ic ypology i o he followi g par s a) ge e ic of ge ealogical ypology, b) s ruc ural ypology, c) areal ypology a d d) compara ive ypology. Ge ealogical ypology is a bra ch of li guis ic ypology which s udies he similari ies a d he rela io ship be wee he rela ed la guages. I is applica ed o he sys ems of ge e ically rela ed la guages. Ge ealogical ypology developed from he compara ive – his orical li guis ics domi a ed duri g he 19 h ce ury i Europe. I ’s origi was s imula ed by he discovery of Sa skri , he a cie classical la guage of I dia. he discovery of Sa skri disclosed he possibili y of a compara ive s udy of la guages. he co cep of rela ive la guages was co firmed by he exis e ce i I dia of a sis er of he familiar la guages of Europe e.g. Sa skri «ma a» mea s «mo her», i he accuse case «ma arum» Dvau- wo rayah – hree As i-he is e c. Before he discovery of Sa skri Europea li guis ics possessed very vague similari ies for he curre grammars buil o he Greek model. hey did ’ se clearly he fea ures of each la guages. I is wor h o me io ha a he same ime Sa skri discovery gave rise o co fuse o io s of li guis ic rela io which lived for a brief ime ha Europea la guages were derived from Sa skri . Bu his opi io gave way o a correc expla a io , amely Sa skri , La i , Greek, a d o her were la er forms of o e prehis orically la guage. Compara ives gave wo ki ds of classifica io of la guages – ge ealogical a d morphological. Ge ealogical classifica io deals wi h he family rela io ship of la guages which desce d from o e commo a ces or. I dis ribu es la guages i o differe families. Morphological classifica io deals wi h he classifica io of la guages accordi g o heir s ruc ural fea ures i s ead of a ge ealogical origi . Accordi g o he morphological classifica io he la guages are divided i o: Isola i g (Chi ese; Vie amese; Japa ; e c.) A aly ic (Russia ; E glish; Germa ; e c.) Agglu i a ive ( urkish la guages) a d o her. Ge e ic ypology compares he sys ems of la guages i wo ways: diachro ically a d sy chro ically. Bu i he seco d case ge e ic rela io ship is o ake i o co sidera io . S ruc ural li guis ic ypology ca be u ders ood as a sys ema iza io of li guis ic phe ome o from differe la guages accordi g o heir specific s ruc ural fea ures. S ruc ural ypology research makes i possible o es ablish some rai s are u iversal, u ique, a d special. La guage U iversals. he o io of la guage u iversals is closely co ec ed wi h he process of u ifica io of li guis ic fac s wi h a process of es ablishi g commo fea ures be wee he sys ems of differe la guages. Wi h he process of ge eraliza io of li guis ic phe ome o he i ves iga io s or la guage u iversals bega a he e d of 1950s.
he mai eve i his field is he i er a io al co fere ce held i April, 1961 i ew-York. A his co fere ce a repor called «Memora dum» co cer i g he la guage u iversals was prese ed by he America li guis s J. Gree burg, Ch. Os good a d J. Ge ki gs. I he former Sovie U io B.A. Uspe sky published his mo ographic research «Структурная типология языка» (1965). I 1966 here appeared J. Gree berg’s book «La guage u iversals wi h special refere ces o fea ure hierarchies.» hese works were followed by a umber of o her research works published as ar icles a d special volumes. Accordi g o he «Memora dum» la guages u iversals are by heir a ure summary s a eme s abou charac eris ics or e de cies shared by all huma speakers. As such hey co s i u e he mos ge eral laws of scie ce of li guis ics. La guage u iversals s udy he u iversal fea ures i he sys ems of differe la guages of he world. hey fi d similari ies which are ypical of he absolu e or overwhelmi g majori y of la guages. ypes of u iversals are as follows: 1. Defi i io al u iversals, 2. Empirical u iversals. Defi i io al u iversals are co ec ed wi h he fac which he speaker possesses a d uses his ex rapola io . I mea s ha li guis ic phe ome o exis s i he sys em of hese la guages which he scholar does o k ow. E.g. I do-Europea la guages have he opposi io of he vowels a d co so a s. his phe ome o may be co sidered o be sys ems of o her la guages of he world. Empirical u iversals are co ec ed wi h he me al or imagi ary experie ce ha is a defi i e li guis ic fea ure may exis i all la guages, seco dly he or she does o k ow if his or ha fea ure exis i all la guages. E.g. composi io may exis i all la guages i spi e of heir morphological s ruc ure. U res ric ed u iversals. Accordi g o his ype of u iversals li guis ic supposi io of hypo heses is o res ric ed. E.g. all la guages have vowels or for all la guages he umber of pho emes is o fewer ha 10 or more ha 70 or every la guage has a leas 2 vowels. U iversal implica io . hese u iversals i volve he rela io ship be wee wo charac eris ics. If a la guage has a cer ai charac eris ics, i has also some par icular charac eris ics bu o vise-versa i.e. he prese ce of he seco d does ’ emp y he prese ce of he firs. E.g. If a la guage has a ca egory of dual umber i has also a ca egory of plural bu o vise-versa. Such implica io s are umerous par icularly i he pho ological aspec of la guages. Compara ive ypology is a bra ch of ge eral li guis ic ypology. I deals wi h a compariso of la guages. Compara ive ypology compares he sys ems of wo or more co cre e la guages a d crea es commo ypological laws. he compariso of he sys em of wo la guages are compared firs of all. E.g. he ca egory of mood i E glish is co sidered o be a small sys em. Havi g comple ed he compariso of la guages i ves iga ors akes he hird la guage o compare a d so o . Compara ive ypology is some imes charac erized by some scholars as charac erology which deals wi h he compariso of he sys ems o ly. 1.2 Compara ive – ypological a alysis of he pho ological sys ems of E glish a d Uzbek I he li guis ic li era ure pho eme is defi ed as he smalles dis i c ive u i .
I shall be in the wardroom." He left without waiting for the man to acknowledge his order. Hidaka was becoming annoyed with his own inability to unravel the puzzle of this ship. He had been chosen to lead the boarding party because of his near-faultless grasp of English, but the language displayed on all the signage throughout the vessel meant nothing to him. Once or twice he had found a small plaque written in what seemed to be German, but that only served to deepen the mystery. He proceeded to the wardroom in very poor humor. The men in there sprang to attention when he arrived. Three of the insensate crew lay on the floor. "Well?" he asked immediately. "Anything to report?" An ensign snapped to attention and indicated a pile of books and papers sitting on a table. "We were just coming to get you, Commander. We have located these, we think some are written in English…" He cast a wary eye over a tall stack of magazines written in what he assumed was the baboons' language. Most were editions of something called Detik
1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2. THE Growing Influence of English Mass Culture
4. Lectures in Contrastive Lexicology of the English and Ukrainian Languages
5. Lexicology. Different dialects and accents of English
9. The history of smart-cards and their place in modern Russia
10. The improvement of work on the rhythm in the classes of english on the materials of limericks
11. Comparative Analysis of the Compound Words
13. The system of English verbs
14. International Combating The Crimes Harming The Economic Development Of States
15. On the problem of crystal metallic lattice in the densest packings of chemical elements
16. Конституция в киберпространстве: закон и свобода за электронной границей (english/russian)
Наполнитель бумажный (50 грамм), натуральный. 
Каска с подставкой под банки. 
Дуга с подвесками "Лето". 17. Russians and Mixed Martial Arts
18. The fastest computers of the world
19. Redesigning the Dragon Financial Reform in the Peoples Republic of China
21. The National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
25. Internal Structure of a Proton and New Method of Receiving of Energy
26. English Painting and Art Galleries
27. The political role of Great Britain in modern world
28. Description of a person and a place
29. The political method of the International Socialist Organisation
31. Global and worldly Englishes Discommunities and subcultural empires
Подвесные качели "Тарзанка". 
Велосипед трехколесный. 
Магнитная мозаика "Техника". 33. Territorial varieties of English pronunciation
34. The Geographical Position of Ukraine
35. The National Parks of Great Britan
36. The United Kingdom of Great Britain
37. Working out of the search algorithm of failures of Air Conditioning System of TU-154
41. The origin and history of the English language
44. Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov: on the brink of suicide. Ф.М. Достоевский, Преступление и наказание
45. The City of London and its role as a financial centre
46. Legal and linguistic aspects of translating english legal terminology
47. Flora and Fauna of the USA
48. Socio-cultural foundations of east-european&Russian geopolitics english
Органайзер для обуви "Сороконожка". 
Фоторамка "Poster gold" (70х100 см). 
Пластины для стирки белого и цветного белья FeedBack, 30 штук. 49. Historical Background of the Middle English Period
50. Some Difficulties of Translating English Phrasal Verbs into Russian
51. A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks
52. Some problems of the russian spelling
53. The Restoration and After: The Tower and the Office of Ordnance
58. Multiple Intelligences in the structure of a new English syllabus for secondary school
59. Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
60. The Definite Article with Class Nouns in English and in French
61. The history of grammatical study of the English language
62. The Life and Times of Shakespeare
63. The Participation of American and British Youth in Political Life of Their Countries.
64. The selection and adaptation of the material on the topic "Towns and places"
Этажерка для обуви "Комфорт-3". 
Чайная пара "Loraine" (чашка 180 мл + блюдце). 
Блюдо для запекания "Тайга", 2250 мл. 65. The unions of artists - "THE BLUE ROSE" AND "THE JACK OF DIAMONDS"
66. Speeches workers Grodno province in 1905-1907 and the emergence of trade unionism
67. The life and work of the self-employed socialist intellectual, Humphrey McQueen
69. The effect of light intensity on the amount of chlorophyll in “Cicer arietinum”
73. The history of railways (История железных дорог)
74. Economic and sociological analysis of suicide
75. Essay on the article "Tobacco and Tolerance: Blowing smoke" (о вреде курения)
76. My modern image of the United States
77. Russia and the international economy
79. The Impact of the Afghan War on soviet soldiers
80. The Irish and South America
Дырокол на 2-3-4 отверстия, 10 листов, черный. 
Настольная игра "Соображарий Junior". 
Фанты "Масло в огонь". 81. The role of art in our life
82. Three Waves of Alvin Toffler. The Basic Points
83. Geometrization of the Fundamentals of Chemistry
84. The face of every city is different. Washington D.C.
85. The New-York City, Places of interest
90. Consequence of building the National Missile Defense
92. Русские заимствования в английском языке (Russian borrowings in English language)
93. Interactive method of teaching English grammar
94. Ways of exploring the world
95. Holidays and traditions in english-speaking countries
Фигурка декоративная "Колокольчик", 6x10 см. 
Батут. 
Кружка-хамелеон "Разогрей Звезду". 97. The History of Alaska (история Аляски)
99. Alaska’s Wildlife: on the Verge of Extinction (Живая природа Штата Аляска на грани исчезновения)
