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Политическая система США |
he poli ical sys em of he USA. he U i ed S a es of America is he grea es capi alis cou ry i he world. he USA is he Preside republic. I mea s ha he preside is he head of he cou ry. he Preside is elec ed for four years, oge her wi h he Vice-Preside , chose for he same erm. He ca o be you ger ha 35 years old a d he mus have lived i he USA for a leas 14 years, a d be a civilia . He mus do his job accordi g o he Co s i u io . he Preside ca o serve more ha wo erms. he legisla ive bra ch of he US Gover me , or he Co gress, represe s all of he America s a es. he Co gress was crea ed by Ar icle I of he co s i u io , adop ed i 1787. I co sis s of wo par s: he House of Represe a ives a d he Se a e. he Se a e made up of 100 members (2 from each s a e), elec ed for a erm of 6 years. O e hird of he Se a e is elec ed every 2 years. o be elec ed a Se a or, a perso mus be a leas 30 years old a d have bee a ci ize of he USA for a leas 9 years. he House of Represe a ives comprises represe a ives from each s a e, elec ed for a wo-years erm. he umber of represe a ives from each s a e depe ds o i s popula io , bu every s a e is represe ed. o be elec ed a represe a ive, a perso mus be a leas 25 years of age a d have bee a ci ize of he cou ry for a leas 7 years. I ge eral, Se a ors are be er k ow ha Represe a ives because hey are fewer i umber a d serve for a lo ger ime. Ma y America Preside s served i Co gress before hey became Preside . Preside s Joh Ke edy, Ly do Joh so , a d Richard ixo were all Represe a ives a d he se a ors before becomi g Preside of he U i ed S a es. he presidi g officer of he Se a e is he Vice-Preside of he USA. he presidi g officer of he House of Represe a ives, he Speaker, is elec ed by he house. he work of prepari g a d co sideri g laws is do e by he commi ees of bo h Houses. here are 15 s a di g commi ees i he Se a e a d 19 i he House of Represe a ives. he job of he Co gress is o make laws. he Preside ca ve o a bill. he Co gress ca pass he law a yway if i ge s a wo- hirds majori y vo e. he Co gress ca also declare he war. he House of Represe a ives ca also impeach he Preside . his mea s ha he House ca charge he Preside which a crime. I his case, he Se a e will pu he Preside o rail. he Se a e vo es o approve he jus ices ha he Preside appoi s o Supreme Cour . he Co gress assembles a leas o ce a year. he execu ive bra ch of he gover me pu s he cou ry’s laws i o effec . I co sis s of he preside , he Vice-Preside a d he Cabi e . he Preside is he head of he execu ive bra ch of he gover me ; he appoi s he members of he Cabi e . Whe he preside receives a bill from he Co gress, he mus sig i , a d he he bill becomes a law. he Cabi e advises he Preside o ma y ma ers a d is composed of he heads of e execu ive depar me s: Secre ary of Se a e, Secre ary of reasury, Secre ary of Defe ce a d o hers. he judicial bra ch of he gover me is he sys em of cour s i he U i ed S a es. I s job is o e force laws. he Supreme Cour is he highes cour i he cou ry. I co sis s of 9 jus ices: o e Chief Jus ice a d 8 associa e jus ices. he Preside appoi s he jus ices, bu he Se a e mus approve hem.
he jus ices are appoi ed for life. he Supreme Cour makes sure people obey he laws. he Supreme Cour ca also decide if a law is co s i u io al, ha is, if i is i agreeme wi h he Co s i u io . he judicial bra ch works oge her wi h he legisla ive a d execu ive bra ches o pro ec he Co s i u io a d he righ s of people. here are wo mai bourgeois poli ical par ies i he USA. hey are he Democra ic Par y (was orga ized i he 1820s) a d he Republica Par y (was orga ized i he 1850s). hey defe d mo opoly capi al. he o ly par y ha defe ds he i eres s of he worki g people is he Commu is Par y. I was formed i 1919 i Chicago. he Commu is Par y s ruggles for be er way of life for he worki g people a d i figh s for he i eres s of egroes a d coloured people, agai s all ki ds of discrimi a io . he Commu is Par y s a ds for peaceful coexis e ce wi h he socialis cou ries. he basis of he America republic. he Co s i u io of he U i ed S a es is he ce ral i s rume of America gover me a d he supreme law of he la d. For 200 years, i has guided he evolu io of gover me al i s i u io s freedom, eco omic grow h a d social progress. he America Co s i u io is he world’s oldes wri e co s i u io i force, o e ha has served as he model for a umber of o her co s i u io s arou d he world. he Co s i u io owes i s s ayi g power o i s simplici y a d flexibili y. Origi ally desig ed o provide a framework for gover i g four millio people i 13 very differe colo ies alo g he A la ic coas , i s basic provisio s were so sou dly co ceived ha , wi h o ly 26 ame dme s, i ow serves he eeds of more ha 240 millio people i 50 eve more diverse s a es ha s re ch from he A la ic o he Pacific Ocea . he pa h of he Co s i u io was ei her s raigh or easy. A draf docume emerged i 1787, bu o ly af er i e se deba e a d six years of experie ce wi h a earlier federal u io . he 13 Bri ish colo ies, s ru g ou alo g he eas er seaboard of wha is ow he U i ed S a es, declared heir i depe de ce from E gla d i 1776. A year before, war had broke ou be wee he colo ies a d Grea Bri ai , a war for i depe de ce ha las ed for six bi er years. While s ill a war, he colo ies — ow calli g hemselves he U i ed S a es of America — draf ed a compac , which bou d hem oge her as a a io . he compac , desig a ed he “Ar icles of Co federa io a d Perpe ual U io ”, was adop ed by a Co gress of he s a es i 1777, a d formally sig ed i July 1778. he Ar icles became bi di g whe hey were ra ified by he 13 h s a e, Maryla d, i March 1781. I was u der hese i auspicious circums a ces ha he Co s i u io of he U i ed S a es was draw up. I February 1787, he Co i e al Co gress, he legisla ive body of he republic, issued a call for he s a es o se d delega es o Philadelphia o revise he Ar icles. he Co s i u io al, or Federal, Co ve io co ve ed o May 25, 1787, i I depe de ce Hall, where he Declara io of I depe de ce had bee adop ed 11 years earlier o July 4, 1776. Al hough he delega es had bee au horized o ly o ame d he Ar icles of Co federa io , hey pushed he Ar icles aside a d proceeded o co s ruc a char er for a wholly ew, more ce ralized form of gover me .
he ew docume , he Co s i u io , was comple ed Sep ember 17, 1787, a d was officially adop ed March 4, 1789. he 55 delega es who draf ed he Co s i u io i cluded mos of he ou s a di g leaders, of Fou di g Fa hers, of he ew a io . hey represe ed a wide ra ge of i eres s, backgrou ds a d s a io s i life. All agreed, however, o he ce ral objec ives expressed i he preamble o he Co s i u io : We he people of he U i ed S a es, i order o form a more perfec u io , es ablish jus ice, i sure domes ic ra quili y, provide for he commo defe se, promo e he ge eral welfare, a d secure he blessi gs of liber y o ourselves a d our pos eri y, o ordai a d es ablish his Co s i u io for he U i ed S a es of America. he Bill of Righ s. he Co s i u io has bee ame ded 26 imes si ce 1789, a d i is likely o be fur her revised i he fu ure. he mos sweepi g cha ges were made wi hi wo years of i s adop io . I ha period, he firs 10 ame dme s, k ow collec ively as he Bill of Righ s, were added. hey were approved as a block by he Co gress i Sep ember 1789, a d ra ified by 11 s a es by he e d of 1791. Much of he i i ial resis a ce o he Co s i u io came o from hose opposed o s re g he i g he federal u io , bu from s a esme who fel ha he righ s of i dividuals mus be specifically spelled ou . O e of hese was George Maso , au hor of he Declara io of Righ s of Virgi ia, which was a foreru er of he Bill of Righ s. As a delega e o he Co s i u io al Co ve io , Maso refused o sig he docume because he fel i dividual righ s were o sufficie ly pro ec ed. I deed, Maso ’s opposi io early blocked ra ifica io of Virgi ia. As o ed earlier, Massachuse s, because of similar feeli gs, co di io ed i s ra ifica io o he addi io of specific guara ees of i dividual righ s. By he ime he Firs Co gress co ve ed, se ime for adop io of such ame dme s was early u a imous, a d he Co gress los li le ime i draf i g hem. hese ame dme s remai i ac oday, as hey were wri e wo ce uries ago. he firs guara ies freedom of worship, speech a d press, he righ of peaceful assembly, a d he righ of pe i io he gover me o correc s wro gs. he seco d guara ees he righ of ci ize s o bear arms. he hird provides ha roops may o be quar ered i priva e home wi hou he ow er’s co se . he four h guards agai s u reaso able searches, arres s a d seizures of proper y. he ex four ame dme s deal wi h he sys em of jus ice: he fif h forbids rial for a major crime expec af er i dic me by a gra d jury. I prohibi s repea ed rails for he same offe ce; forbids pu ishme wi hou due process of law a d provides ha a accused perso may o be compelled o es ify agai s himself. he six h guara ees a speedy public es ify for crimi al offe ces. I requires rial by a u biased jury, guara ees he righ s o legal cou sel for he accused, a d provides ha wi esses shall be comple ed o a e d he rial a d es ify i he prese ce of he accused. he seve h assures rial by jury i civil cases i volvi g a y hi g valued a more ha 20 U.S. dollars. he eigh h forbids excessive bail or fi es, a d cruel or u usual pu ishme . he las wo of he 10 ame dme s co ai very broad s a eme s of co s i u io al au hori y: he i h declares ha he lis i g if i dividual righ s is o mea o be comprehe sive; ha he people have o her righ s o specifically me io ed i he Co s i u io .
Так просто? Да, так просто. И в то же время очень сложно. Когда Кощей знает, где лежит его смерть, он это место тщательно охраняет. И в отличие от сказочного злодея ФРС уделяет своему самому уязвимому месту максимальное внимание. Не ларец, не утка и не заяц являются сторожами заветной «иглы», а телевидение, газеты и политическая система США. О Федеральной резервной системе говорят и пишут каждый день, и тем не менее никто не знает фамилий ее владельцев. Никто. Есть только догадки и предположения. Они, эти владельцы, как бы не существуют. А значит, их нельзя скомпрометировать, их невозможно критиковать. Не может быть никаких скандалов, ни сексуальных, ни денежных, связанных с тем, чего не существует. Анонимность и полнейшая тайна это первое условие сохранения власти.[61] Хозяев «печатной машинки» нельзя убить или шантажировать, их власть не отобрать в результате внезапного ареста. Ее можно лишь ликвидировать, отобрав у ФРС ее функции. Причем не обязательно все. Достаточно вернуть конгрессу право эмиссии. А Федеральный резерв можно и оставить
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