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The outline of the period |
I ma y respec s he period be wee he e d of World War I a d he e d of World War II was o e of sharp disco i ui ies. Few eras i America his ory prese such vivid co ras s compressed i o so shor a ime. Poli ically, he a io experie ced wha ma y co sidered a fu dame al cha ge af er he elec io of 1920. For a full decade, he gover me remai ed i he ha ds of he Republica par y a d—for eigh of hose years a leas —i he ha ds of wo co serva ive preside s who rejec ed mos of he liberal assump io s of he progressive era. A age of reform seemed o have give way o a era of reac io . Eco omically, he a io experie ced equally profou d shif s. Begi i g i 1921 he America eco omy embarked o a period of grow h wi hou precede i he his ory of he world. he a io 's i dus rial capaci y grew rapidly; he i come of i s ci ize s soared; America's posi io i world rade became o e of u rivaled supremacy. A d he America corpora e world, af er havi g bee o he defe sive for ma y years, basked i a widespread public populari y ha ur ed o ce-despised cap ai s of i dus ry i o a io al heroes. he , s ar i g wi h a drama ic s ock marke crash i 1929, he imposi g eco omic edifice collapsed, a d he cou ry e ered he wors eco omic crisis i i s his ory. I dus rial produc io decli ed; ew i ves me vir ually ceased; u employme reached epic propor io s. Cul urally, here seemed o be equally sharp co ras s. I he 1920s a bi er co flic emerged be wee he forces of moder ism associa ed wi h he ew urba -i dus rial socie y a d he forces of radi io alism associa ed wi h more provi cial, of e rural commu i ies. O issues such as prohibi io , religio , a d race, he e sio s be wee he ew socie y a d he old were vividly displayed. I he 1930s, by co ras , he a io 's ou look appeared o shif drama ically. Cul ural divisio s ow seemed less impor a ha eco omic o es, a d he co roversies of he 1930s ce ered less o ques io s of values ha o ques io s of weal h a d power. America s i he 1920s experie ced a series of profou d cha ges i he way hey lived a d hough . A ew urba cul ure emerged ha helped people i all regio s o live heir lives a d perceive heir world i i creasi gly similar ways; a d i exposed hem o a ew se of values ha reflec ed he prosperi y a d complexi y of he moder eco omy. o a ge era io of ar is s a d i ellec uals comi g of age i he 1920s, he ew socie y i which hey lived was eve more dis urbi g. Ma y were experie ci g a dise cha me wi h moder America so fu dame al ha hey were of e able o view i o ly wi h co emp . As a resul , hey adop ed a role sharply differe from ha of mos i ellec uals of earlier eras. Ra her ha i volvi g hemselves wi h heir socie y's popular or poli ical cul ure a d a emp i g o i flue ce a d reform he mass of heir cou ryme , hey isola ed hemselves a d embarked o a res less search for perso al fulfillme . Ger rude S ei o ce referred o he you g America s emergi g from World War I as a &quo ;Los Ge era io .&quo ; For ma y wri ers a d i ellec uals, a leas , i was a ap descrip io . A he hear of he Los Ge era io 's cri ique of moder socie y was a se se of perso al alie a io , a belief ha co emporary America o lo ger provided he i dividual wi h ave ues by which he or she could achieve perso al fulfillme .
Moder life, hey argued, was cold, imperso al, ma erialis ic, a d hus mea i gless. he se si ive i dividual could fi d o happi ess i he mai s ream of America socie y. his disillusio me had i s roo s i ma y hi gs, bu i o hi g so deeply as he experie ce of World War I. o hose who had fough i Fra ce a d experie ced he horror a d savagery of moder warfare—a d eve o hose who had o fough bu who ever heless had bee aware of he appalli g cos s of he s ruggle— he af erma h of he co flic was sha eri g. o hi g, i seemed, had bee gai ed. he war had bee a fraud; he sufferi g a d he dyi g had bee i vai . Er es Hemi gway, o e of he mos celebra ed (a d mos commercially successful) of he ew breed of wri ers, expressed he ge era io 's co emp for he war i his ovel A Farewell o Arms (1929). I s hero, a America officer figh i g i Europe, decides ha here is o jus ifica io for his par icipa io i he co flic a d deser s he army wi h a urse wi h whom he has falle i love. Hemi gway made i clear ha he was o be admired for doi g so. A leas equally dispiri i g was he charac er of he a io hese you g i ellec uals fou d o heir re ur home a war's e d. I was, hey believed, a socie y u erly lacki g i visio or idealism, obsessed wi h ma erialism, s eeped i ou moded, priggish morali y. Wors of all, i was o e i which he i dividual had los he abili y o co rol his or her ow fa e. I was a sleek, ew, i dus rialized a d professio alized world ha was orga ized i a dehuma izi g way. I ellec uals of he 1920s ur ed heir backs o he radi io al goals of heir pare s. hey claimed o rejec he &quo ;success e hic&quo ; ha hey believed domi a ed America life (eve hough ma y of hem hoped for—a d a few achieved—commercial a d cri ical success o heir ow erms). F. Sco Fi zgerald, whose firs ovel, his Side of Paradise (1920), es ablished him as a spokesma for his ge era io , ridiculed he America obsessio wi h ma erial success i he Grea Ga sby (1925), he ovel's hero, Jay Ga sby, spe ds his life accumula i g weal h a d social pres ige i order o wi he woma he loves. he world o which he has aspired, however, ur s ou o be o e of pre e sio , fraud, a d cruel y, a d Ga sby is ul ima ely des royed by i . Fi zgerald a d his i ellec ual co emporaries claimed o wa o hi g o do wi h co ve io al America socie y (al hough Fi zgerald himself seemed a he same ime despera ely o crave accep a ce by i ). hey chose, i s ead, o search elsewhere for fulfillme . heir ques ook hem i several differe direc io s, of e a he same ime. Ma y Los Ge era io i ellec uals lef America o live i Fra ce, maki g Paris for a ime a ce er of America ar is ic life. Some adop ed hedo is ic life s yles, i dulgi g i co spicuous debauchery: dri ki g, drugs, casual sex, wild par ies, a d a ge erally flamboya way of life. ( he publici y hey received helped se he o e for o her less alie a ed members of heir ge era io , who bega o imi a e his u i hibi ed pursui of pleasure.) Ma y i ellec uals resor ed o a ou spoke self-absorp io , ope ly repudia i g a y respo sibili y for a yo e bu hemselves. For mos of hese you g me a d wome , however, he o ly real refuge from he ravails of moder socie y was ar — o ar for a y social purpose, bu ar for i s ow sake.
O ly ar , hey argued, could allow hem full i dividual expressio ; o ly he ac of crea io could offer hem fulfillme . he resul of his ques for fulfillme hrough ar was o , for he mos par , perso al sa isfac io for he wri ers a d ar is s i volved. hey remai ed hroughou he 1920s a res less, usually u happy ge era io , searchi g i vai for co e me . hey did, however, produce a body of work ha made he decade o e of he grea eras of America ar . Mos o able were he wri ers: Hemi gway, Fi zgerald, Lewis, as well as o hers such as homas Wolfe, Joh Dos Passos, Ezra Pou d, Ger rude S ei , a d Euge e O' eill— he firs grea America playwrigh a d he o ly o e ever o wi a obel Prize. . S. Elio , a a ive of Bos o who spe mos of his adul life i E gla d, led a ge era io of poe s i breaki g wi h he roma icism of he i e ee h ce ury. His epic work he Was e La d (1922) brough o poe ry much of he harsh o e of despair ha was i vadi g o her areas of li era ure. he wri ers of he 1920s were o able o o ly for he effec ive ess of heir cri iques bu for heir success i pio eeri g ew li erary s yles a d ech iques. Some i corpora ed Freudia psychology i o heir work, usi g li era ure o explore he worki gs of he psyche as well as he ex er al ac io s of charac ers. O hers produced i ova io s i form, s ruc ure, a d dialogue: Er es Hemi gway, wi h his spare, clea prose; Si clair Lewis, wi h his bi i g sa ire; Joh Dos Passos, wi h his use of he ech iques of jour alism as well as of li era ure. he li era ure of he 1920s was escapis ; bu i was also i e sely crea ive, eve revolu io ary. he erm “Los Ge era io ” was coi ed by Ger rude S ei o refer o a group of America li erary o ables who lived i Paris from he ime period which saw he e d of World War I o he begi i g of he Grea Depressio . Sig ifica members i cluded Er es Hemi gway, F. Sco Fi zgerald, Ezra Pou d, Sherwood A derso , Waldo Peirce, Sylvia Beach, .S. Elio , a d Ger rude S ei herself. I would be Hemi gway who would popularize he erm, quo i g S ei , “You are all a los ge era io ,” as a epigraph o his ovel, he Su Also Rises. he “Los Ge era io ” were said o be disillusio ed by he large umber of casual ies of he Grea World War, cy ical, disdai ful of he Vic oria o io s of morali y a d proprie y of heir elders. I was somewha commo amo g members of his group o complai ha America ar is ic cul ure lacked he ex e sive ess of Europea work, which lead o ma y members spe di g large amou s of ime i Europe. hey also complai ed ha all opics wor h rea i g i a li erary work had already bee covered. o ma er, his period would see a explosio i America li era ure a d ar , which is ow co sidered o i clude some of he grea es li erary classics produced by America wri ers. his ge era io also produced he firs floweri g of jazz music, arguably he firs dis i c America ar form. he e richi g gif s from he Los Ge era io i cluded: he Grea Ga sby (F. Sco Fi zgerald), he Was e La d ( . S. Elio ), he Su Also Rises (Er es Hemi gway), Babbi (Si clair Lewis), he Sou d a d he Fury (William Faulk er), amo g ma y o hers.
On an October afternoon in 1977, Luis and Walter Alvarez dropped in on Asaro and asked him if he would run the necessary tests for them. It was really quite a presumptuous request. They were asking Asaro to devote months to making the most painstaking measurements of geological samples merely to confirm what seemed entirely self-evident to begin with-that the thin layer of clay had been formed as quickly as its thinness suggested. Certainly no one expected his survey to yield any dramatic breakthroughs. БЂњWell, they were very charming, very persuasive,БЂ« Asaro recalled in an interview in 2002. БЂњAnd it seemed an interesting challenge, so I agreed to try. Unfortunately, I had a lot of other work on, so it was eight months before I could get to it.БЂ« He consulted his notes from the period. БЂњOn June 21, 1978, at 1:45 p.m., we put a sample in the detector. It ran for 224 minutes and we could see we were getting interesting results, so we stopped it and had a look.БЂ« The results were so unexpected, in fact, that the three scientists at first thought they had to be wrong
1. The Impact of the Afghan War on soviet soldiers
3. The Consequences of the Soviet-Afghan War
4. The uniqueness of the British
5. The Doctrine of the "Mysterious Female" in Taoism
9. For the Beauty of the Earth
10. The development of the drama. The theatres and actors
11. The notion of the agreement of the purchase and sale According to art
12. Stylistic analysis of the part of the novel "Rebecca" by Daphne Du Maurier
13. The explaining of the meaning of neologism
14. The origins of the International Socialists
15. The problems of the Subjunctive Mood in English
16. The War of the Roses: the Historical Facts of the Tudor Myth (Shakespeare’s Histories)
17. The impact of the French Revolution on the European system
19. Second period of the Renaissance.
20. The effect of light intensity on the amount of chlorophyll in “Cicer arietinum”
21. The face of every city is different. Washington D.C.
25. On the problem of crystal metallic lattice in the densest packings of chemical elements
26. The history of railways (История железных дорог)
27. Alaska’s Wildlife: on the Verge of Extinction (Живая природа Штата Аляска на грани исчезновения)
28. Motivation: Reward system and the role of compensation
30. The role of art in our life
32. The Economy of Great Britain
33. Особенности ведения бизнеса в Китае (The peculiarities of marketing strategy development in China)
34. Династия Тюдоров (essay the house of Tudor)
35. Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov: on the brink of suicide. Ф.М. Достоевский, Преступление и наказание
36. The history of Old English and its development
41. History of `The Beatles` and biographies of members in english
42. The History of Alaska (история Аляски)
44. Alaska’s Wildlife: on the Verge of Extinction (Живая природа Штата Аляска на грани исчезновения)
46. Geometrization of the Fundamentals of Chemistry
47. The profile of an effective manager
49. Мальтийский еврей (The Jew of Malta)
50. The teaching of Hugo Gratius
51. The Problem of Holmelessness in Canada
52. The City of London and its role as a financial centre
57. The 8th of March
58. The faculty of mathematics of Irkutsk State University
59. Use of the Topical Project Work “My Body” for Developing All Language Skills in Form 4
60. The commonwealth of Australia
61. The Commonwealth of Australia
62. Model of the nucleus of atom and the table of elements
63. The climate of Great Britain
65. The constitution of Ukraine
67. The main fault of The 70s or the years of “might-have-been hopes”
68. The economy of KOREA - Looking Ahead to the 21st Century
69. Dawn of the digital information era
73. The declaration of independence
74. The history of smart-cards and their place in modern Russia
75. Word-formation of the English language. Conversion
76. The Future of American Youths
77. American Poetry of the Seventeenth Century as a Reflection of Puritan’s Character
78. The Feather of Finist the Falcon
79. Problems of the youth (friendship, love, conflicts)
80. Some problems of the russian spelling
81. London city - Capital of the United Kingdom
84. Establishment of the Federal judicial system
85. The Formation of Youth Subcultures
90. Economy of the Republic of Ireland
91. HOW SIGNIFICANT WAS ALEXANDER DUBCEK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFORMIST COMMUNISM?
92. Of the Polish political parties and organizations in Vilnius (1919 - 1922 gg.)
93. Algorithmic recognition of the Verb
94. Drug trafficking - a global challenge of the XXI century
97. Acquaintance with geometry as one of the main goals of teaching mathematics to preschool children