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Экономика и Финансы
Маркетинг, товароведение, реклама
The government role in the market economy |
Course HE GOVER ME ROLE I HE MARKE ECO OMY Essay he Gover me Role i he Day Care Services Developme i La via. professor A drejs Skaburskis Laima Lоpace, 3SEA2, BizVB96018 Evi a orie e, 3SEA2, BizVB96410 Ildze Voi a, 3 VV2, BizVB96074 Rodюers Jв is Grigulis, 3SEA1, BizVB96062 Riga, 1999 La via is a cou ry ha is movi g from he Sovie s yle of socialism o a democra ic gover me a d a marke -based eco omy. he cou ry ra ified i s par icipa io i he U i ed a io s Co ve io o he Righ s of he Child i 1992. Ac ivi ies co ec ed o he ra ifica io by he La via legisla ure has crea ed a impressive da abase o curre co di io s for La via childre . he cha ge from socialism has bee difficul whe measured by he availabili y of services provided o childre i eed. he followi g i forma io is ake from he 1998 Al er a ive Repor o he U i ed a io s by he La via Save he Childre orga iza io . he umber of families below he mi imum subsis e ce level has rise o 85% i 1996 compared o 15% i 1991. his decrease i family i comes has affec ed he quali y of family life i La via. I 1996, o ly 20% of he childre are i good heal h. Such diseases as uberculosis, rheuma ism, diph heria a d ick e cephali is have spread rapidly. Juve ile crime, alcoholism, arco ic drug addic io a d pros i u io have rise sharply. As a resul , more a d more childre are aba do ed, physically or sexually abused, become preg a or homeless.Services o suppor childre who are a risk are vir ually o -exis e . he gover me of La via is u der reme dous pressure o bala ce i s budge . I is a s ruggle o mai ai exis i g huma services a d i is impossible for he gover me o fu d ew services. he exis e ce of a sizable popula io of aba do ed, abused, ha dicapped a d homeless childre is o ly ow begi i g o be officially recog ized. he e work of social services ha Ca adia s ake for gra ed does simply o ye exis i La via. he gover me is worki g o develop hese services, bu he pressures of he a io al budge a d difficul eco omic si ua io have brough a y progress o a s a ds ill. he gover me budge is made from priva e sec or axes a d i is diver ed o mu icipal gover me s a d he cha eled o social services. Every year amou which is cha eled o he social services is differe , because of pressures of he a io al budge a d difficul eco omic si ua io . hese social services are meri good whe socie y members are refusi g o have some amou of heir ow mo ey for givi g i o preschool a d o her La via’s childre . his leads o si ua io where people who are usi g priva e day care services i s ead of mu icipal are payi g agai .Also curre si ua io i La via is ha you have o wai o a li e for a years o ge officially i a mu icipal day care ce er, a he same ime mu icipal gover me are abolishi g exis i g day care services because of mo ey shor age. his leads o si ua io where people have o use heir priva e mo ey a d hey are havi g wo choices whe her se d heir childre o priva e day care ce ers or have a baby-si er o look af er hem. Prac ically i mea s ha our social service sys em is o able o mai ai exis i g amou of childre who are i eed for day care.C
us omers of day care services are pare s ha have preschool age childre a d ha wa o work i day ime a d herefore or for o her reaso s wa o leave heir childre i a professio al care.Ou pu mix of day care services is: . educa io a d safe y of he childre ; . less bo her a d “peace” for heir pare s.As hese social services are havi g ech ological ex er ali y effec a d eighbourhood effec gover me role is make people u ders a d ha solvi g day care services problem hey will have be er e viro me a d more educa ed people arou d. I also affec s crime because mos crimi als are hose people who were lef u a e ded while hey were kids. his also mea s ha commu i y has o be more i formed abou curre si ua io i he cou ry a d give more i forma io abou problem i day care services.Also curre gover me problem i his si ua io is whe her hey have o decide o make hese services i o comple ely priva e social services or comple ely public social services or maybe fi d some hi g be wee hem - make a mix of bo h. his mea s ha here is a marke for each of produc io /dis ribu io sec ors. . Sec or o e - public produc io /public dis ribu io will be forced o use hose high risk families which should be give wi h gif voucher which ca be spe d o ly for day care services. . Sec or wo - public produc io /priva e dis ribu io is sec or where marke is families wi h a i come more ha mi imum, whe hey ca afford o make choice hemselves for aki g heir childre i o public day care services . Sec or hree - priva e produc io /public dis ribu io is sec or where priva e day care service compa ies will provide day care services a d gover me will e force o use hem hrough i s cha els of dis ribu io . . Sec or four - priva e produc io /priva e dis ribu io is sec or which is mos commo for high i come people who ca afford o use priva e day care services wi h higher quali y.Priva e sec or i produc io ca provide wider ra ge of op io s (more specified preschool educa io i cludi g differe spor s, la guage a d ar s). Compe i io wi hi priva e sec or ca e sure higher quali y of his service a d fas er respo se o dema d cha ge. A he same ime gover me should be co rolli g day care services as proper childre care is very impor a for socie y a d he fu ure of a io .We ca see ha all of hese sec ors have i s specific marke a d gover me goal is o de ermi e hrough he a alysis which of his marke should be mos suppor ed a d wha ki d of suppor programs should be used.Some solu io s which gover me ca be usi g for proper childre care are give below: 1. regula io - some ki d of legisla ive regula io s which prescribe a e d day care services for a cer ai age childre . Here we ca o forge cos fac or which is very impor a . o impleme his regula io s gover me will have o have a i s i u io which has o e sure correc impleme a io . 2. s a dards - se i g up differe ki d of social s a dards, such as i come level a which o e should be provided by a cer ai amou of a gif voucher which ca be used for day care services. his has o be i egra ed wi h a a alysis of a regio al day care services i fras ruc ure imperfec io . 3. compe sa e hose families which are usi g priva e day care services i s ead of public day care services as hey wa o have a grea er quali y.
Mu icipali ies should provide subsidies for childre from high-risk families o a e d hose day care services free of charge or for par ly payme . 4. volu ary ac io . direc - whe someo e u ders a ds ha he ca help socie y wi h helpi g a d educa i g hese childre a day care service i s i u io s . i direc - his ca also be brough u der sec io regula io s where we mea by maki g appropria e legisla io where o e will be comple ely ax deduc ible for amou of mo ey which o e do a e o a day care service field. We wa o call his as volu ary ac io i s ead of ax or regula io ac io because hose compa ies have o make heir ow volu ary decisio whe her hey will be usi g ax deduc or appropria e law.A d fi ally I have o me io ha solvi g problem wi h day care services you have o always look i overall si ua io i he cou ry. Because you have o measure o her social a d fi a cial fac ors of he cou ry. Gover me s role is make decisio s co sideri g overall si ua io a d fi d he mos sui able decisio s.
It was during this era that we really saw the birth and maturation of a global economy, in the sense that there was enough movement of goods and information from continent to continent for there to be a global market, with global arbitrage in products and labor. The dynamic forces behind this era of globalization were breakthroughs in hardware-from steamships and railroads in the beginning to telephones and mainframe computers toward the end. And the big questions in this era were: Where does my company fit into the global economy? How does it take advantage of the opportunities? How can I go global and collaborate with others through my company? The Lexus and the Olive Tree was primarily about the climax of this era, an era when the walls started falling all around the world, and integration, and the backlash to it, went to a whole new level. But even as the walls fell, there were still a lot of barriers to seamless global integration. Remember, when Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, virtually no one outside of government and the academy had e-mail, and when I was writing The Lexus and the Olive Tree in 1998, the Internet and e-commerce were just taking off
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