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The development of the Tower |
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Фонарь желаний бумажный, оранжевый. he ower of Lo do was begu i he reig of William he Co queror (1066-1087) a d remai ed u cha ged for over a ce ury. he , be wee 1190 a d 1285, he Whi e ower was e circled by wo owered cur ai walls a d a grea moa . he o ly impor a e largeme of he ower af er ha ime was he buildi g of he Wharf i he 14 h ce ury. oday he medieval defe ces remai rela ively u cha ged. he orma s Wes mCas le buildi g was a esse ial par of he orma Co ques : whe Duke William of orma dy i vaded E gla d i 1066 his firs ac io af er la di g a Peve sey o 28 Sep ember had bee o improvise a cas le, a d whe he moved o Has i gs wo days la er he buil a o her. Over he ex few years William a d his suppor ers were e gaged i buildi g hu dreds more, firs o co quer, he subdue a d fi ally o colo ise he whole of E gla d. By he e d of he A glo-Saxo period Lo do had become he mos powerful ci y i E gla d, wi h a rich por , a earby royal palace a d a impor a ca hedral. I was via Lo do ha Ki g Harold II (1066) a d his army sped sou h o mee William, a d o Lo do which he defea ed rabble of he E glish army re ur ed from he Ba le of Has i gs i 1066. Securi g he Ci y was herefore of he u mos impor a ce o William. His co emporary biographer William of Poi iers ells us ha af er receivi g he submissio of he E glish mag a es a Li le Berkhamps ead, William se a adva ce guard i o Lo do o co s ruc a cas le a d prepare for his riumphal e ry. He also ells us ha , af er his coro a io i i s er Abbey o Chris mas Day 1066, he ew Ki g wi hdrew o Barki g (i Essex) ‘while cer ai for ifica io s were comple ed i he ci y agai s he res less ess of he vas a d fierce populace for he realised ha i was of he firs impor a ce o overawe he Lo do ers. hese for ifica io s may have i cluded Bay ard’s Cas le buil i he sou h-wes a gle of he Ci y ( ear Blackfriars) a d he cas le of Mo fiche ( ear Ludga e Circus) a d almos cer ai ly he fu ure ower of Lo do . I i ially he ower had co sis ed of a modes e closure buil i o he sou h-eas cor er of he Roma Ci y walls, bu by he la e 1070s, wi h he i i ial comple io of he Whi e ower, i had become he mos fearsome of all. o hi g had bee see like i i E gla d before. I was buil by orma maso s a d E glish (A glo-Saxo ) labour draf ed i from he cou ryside, perhaps o he desig of Gu dulf, Bishop of Roches er. I was i e ded o pro ec he river rou e from Da ish a ack, bu also a d more impor a ly o domi a e he Ci y physically a d visually. I is difficul o apprecia e oday wha a e ormous impressio he ower a d o her orma buildi gs, such as S Paul’s Ca hedral (as rebuil af er 1086) or he earby Wes mi s er Hall (rebuil af er 1087) mus have made o he a ive Lo do ers. he Whi e ower was pro ec ed o he eas a d sou h by he old Roma ci y walls (a full heigh fragme ca be see jus by ower Hill U dergrou d s a io ), while he or h a d wes sides were pro ec ed by di ches as much as 7.50m (25f ) wide a d 3.40m (11f ) deep a d a ear hwork wi h a woode wall o op. I he 12 h ce ury a ‘fore-buildi g’ ( ow demolished) was added o he sou h fro of he Whi e ower o pro ec he e ra ce. he Wardrobe ower, a fragme of which ca be see a he sou h-eas cor er of he buildi g, was a o her early addi io or rebuildi g.
From very early o he e closure co ai ed a umber of imber buildi gs for reside ial a d service use. I is o clear whe her hese i cluded a royal reside ce bu William he Co queror’s immedia e successors probably made use of he Whi e ower i self. I is impor a for us oday o remember ha he fu c io s of he ower from he 1070s u il he la e 19 h ce ury were es ablished by i s orma fou ders. he ower was ever primarily i e ded o pro ec Lo do from ex er al i vasio , al hough, of course, i could have do e so if ecessary. or was i ever i e ded o be he pri cipal reside ce of he ki gs a d quee s of E gla d, hough ma y did i fac spe d periods of ime here. I s primary fu c io was always o provide a base for royal power i he Ci y of Lo do a d a s ro ghold o which he Royal Family could re rea i imes of civil disorder.
The debris field extended as far as 400-500 feet from the tower base. 2.2.2 WTC 2 2.2.2.1 Initial Damage From Aircraft Impact United Airlines Flight 175 struck the south face of WTC 2 approximately between the 78th and 84th floors. The zone of impact extended from near the southeast corner of the building across much of the building face (Figures 2-24 and 2-25). The aircraft caused massive damage to the south face of the building in the zone of impact (Figures 2-26 and 2-27). At the central zone of impact corresponding to the airplane fuselage and engines, six of the prefabricated, three-column sections that formed the exterior walls were broken loose from the structure, with some of the elements apparently pushed inside the building envelope. Locally, as was the case in WTC 1, floors supported by these exterior wall sections appear to have partially collapsed. Away from this central zone, in the areas impacted by the outer wing structures, the exterior steel columns Figure 2-24 Southeast corner of WTC 2 shortly after aircraft impact
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