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Династия Плантагенетов в истории Англии |
Фонарь садовый «Тюльпан». 
Гуашь "Классика", 12 цветов. ИНСТИТУТ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ “ЯЗЫКИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ” КУРСОВАЯ РАБОТА НА ТЕМУ: “Династия Плантагенетов в истории Англии” Студент 301 а/и группы Петрова Ю.А. Научный руководитель Фролова И.Г. МОСКВА-2002 I s i u e of foreig La guages Facul y “ La guages a d Cul ures” COURSE PAPER « he Pla age e Dy as y i he His ory of Grea Bri ai ” S ude 301 a/i group Pe rova J. Scie ific supervisor Frolova I.G.Moscow-2002 Co e s I roduc io 4-5 Par I. he early Pla age e s ( A gevi g ki gs)6-16 He ry II7-11 Richard I Coeur de Lio 12-13 Joh Lackla d14-16 Par II. he las Pla age e s17-30 He ry III17-18 Edward I19-20 Edward II21-22 Edward III23-24 Richard II25-30 Co clusio 31-33Bibliography34-35Refere ces36-38 I RODUC IO he U i ed Ki gdom of Grea Bri ai a d or her Irela d is a mo archy, ow Parliame ary a d o ce a absolu e o e. ha ’s why he his ory of he cou ry closely co ec ed wi h he his ory of Royal dy as ies. Speaki g abou royal dy as ies i E gla d we should ake i mi d he fac , ha he firs o e appeared i he cou ry wi h he orma i vasio i 1066. I he a cie ime af er A glo-Saxo i vasio he cou ry co sis ed of small ki gdoms each ruled by i s ow ki g. heir represe a ives (Chief ai s of he ki gdoms)– he Wi a – chose ki g of E gla d (for example Edward he Co fessor). I was William he Co queror, who bega he firs dy as y – House of orma dy. William I he Co queror –Duke of orma dy (1035-1087) i vaded E gla d, defea ed a d killed his rival Harold a he Ba le of Has i gs a d became Ki g of E gla d. Wi h he coro a io of William he ew period i his ory of E gla d bega . E gla d ur ed i o a ce ralizes , s ro g feudal mo archy. he period of small ki gdoms e ded a d s ar ed he Era of Absolu e Mo archy. William was Duke of orma dy a d a he same ime he Ki g of E gla d. He co rolled wo large areas: orma dy – i heri ed from his fa her a d E gla d – he wo i . Bo h areas were his perso al possessio . o William he o ly differe ce was ha i Fra ce he had a Ki g above him a d he had o serve him. I E gla d he had obody above him. obody could say who he was – a E glishma or a Fre chma . he orma Co ques of E gla d was comple ed by 1072 aided by he es ablishme of feudalism u der which his followers were gra ed la d i re ur for pledges of service a d loyal y. As Ki g William was o ed for his efficie harsh rule. His admi is ra io relied upo orma a d o her foreig perso el especially La fra c Archbishop of Ca erbury. I 1085 s ar ed Domesday Book. I his book here was he reflec io of wha happe ed o E gla d. he ex ki gs were ki gs of Pla age e ’s dy as y. I have chose he his ory of his dy as y as a subjec for my course paper because, o he o e ha d, bei g a s ude of he E glish la guage I ca ’ bu be i eres ed i he his ory of his cou ry, a d, o he o her ha d, o so much is wri e abou he Pla age e ’s ki gs, amo g which here were such world-k ow perso s as Richard- he-Lio Hear a d Joh Lackla d. Par I. he early Pla age e s (A gevi g ki gs) House of Pla age e . “ he Pla age e dy as y ook i s ame form he “pla a Ge es a” (La i e), or broom, radi io ally a emblem of he cou s of A jou.
Geoffrey is he o ly rue Pla age e so-called, because he wore a spri g of broom-ge e i his cap. I was a perso al ick ame, such as He ry’s “Cur -ma ed”. Soo his ick- ame habi was o die, o be replaced by ames ake from o e’s bir hplace. Members of his dy as y ruled over E gla d from 1154 ill 1399. However, i co ve io al his orical usage , He ry II (so of Cou Geoffrey of A jou) a d his so s Richard I a d Joh are orma dy ermed he A gevi g ki gs, a d heir successors, up o Richard II, he Pla age e s. he erm Pla age e was o used u il abou 1450, whe Richard, Duke of York, called himself by i i order o emphasize his royal desce from Edward III’s fif h so , Edmu d of La gley.”(1) Geoffrey Pla age e He ry II Richard I Joh Lackla d He ry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II He ry II (1154-1189 AD) “He ry II, he firs Pla age e , bor i 1133, was he so of Geoffrey Pla age e , Cou Of A jou, a d Ma ilda, he daugh er of He ry I. He ry II, he firs a d he grea es of hree A gevi ki gs of E gla d, succeeded S ephe i 1154. Aged 21, he already possessed a repu a io for res less e ergy a d decisive ac io s. He was o i heri vas la ds. As heir heir o his mo her a d his fa her he held A jou (he ce A gevi ) , Mai e, a d ourai e; as he heir o his bro her Geoffrey he ob ai ed Bri a y; as he husba d of Elea or, he divorced wife of Louis VII of Fra ce, he held Aqui ai e, he major par of sou hwes er Fra ce. Al oge her his holdi gs i Fra ce were far larger ha hose of he Fre ch ki g. hey have become k ow as he A gevi empire, al hough He ry II ever i fac claimed a y imperial righ s or used he i le of he emperor.” (2) From he begi i g He ry showed himself de ermi ed o asser a d mai ai his righ s i all his la ds. I he firs decade of his reig He ry II was largely co cer ed wi h co i e al affairs, hough he made sure ha he forged cas les i E gla d were des royed. Ma y of he earldoms crea ed i he a archy of S ephe ’s reig were allowed o lapse. Major cha ge i E gla d bega i he mid 1160s. he Assize of Clare do of 1166. , a d ha or hamp o 10 years la er, promo ed public order. Juries were used o provide evide ce of wha crimes had bee commi ed a d o bri g accusa io s. ew forms of legal ac io s were i roduced , o ably he so-called prossessory assizes, which de ermi ed who had he righ o immedia e possessio of la d, o who had he bes fu dame al righ . ha could be decided by he gra d assize, by mea s of which a jury of 12 k igh s would decide he case. he use of s a dardized forms of edic grea ly simplified judicial admi is ra io . “Re ur able” edic s, which had o be se back by he head o he ce ral admi is ra io , e abled he crow o check ha i s i s ruc io were obeyed. A i creasi g umber of cases came before royal cour ra her ha priva e feudal cour s. He ry I’s prac ice of se di g ou i i era jus ices was ex e ded a d sys ema ized. I 1170 a major i quiry i o local admi is ra io , he I ques of Sheriffs, was held, a d ma y sheriffs were dismissed. here were impor a cha ges o he mili ary sys em. I 1166 he e a s i chief comma dme o disclose he umber of k igh s e feoffed o heir la ds so ha He ry could ake proper fi a cial adva age of cha ges ha had ake place si ce his gra dfa her’s days.
Scu age ( ax which dismissed of mili ary service) was a impor a source of fu ds, a d He ry preferred scu age o service because merce aries were more efficie ha feudal co i ge s. I he Assize of Arms of 1181 He ry de ermi ed he arms a d equipme appropria e o every free ma , based o his i come from la d. his measure, which could be see as a revival of he pri ciples of he A glo-Saxo fyrd, was i e ded o provide for a local mili ia, which could be used agai s i vasio , rebellio , or for peacekeepi g. “He ry a emp ed o res ore he close rela io ship be wee Church a d S a e ha had exis ed u der he orma ki gs. His firs move was he appoi me i 1162 of homas Becke as archbishop of Ca erbury. He ry assumed ha Becke , who had served efficie ly as cha cellor si ce 1155 a d bee a close compa io o him, would co i ue o do so as archbishop. Becke , however, disappoi ed him. O ce appoi ed archbishop, he became a mili a defe der of Church agai s royal e croachme a d a champio of he papal ideology of ecclesias ical supremacy over he lay world. he s ruggle be wee He ry a d Becke reached a crisis a he Cou cil of Clare do i 1164. I he co s i u io of Clare do He ry ried o se dow i wri i g he a cie cus oms of he la d. he mos co roversial issue proved o be ha of jurisdic io over “crimi ous clerks” (clerics who had commi ed crimes); he ki g dema ded ha such me should , af er rial i church cour s, be se for pu ishme i royal cour s.” (3) “Becke i i ially accep ed he Co s i u io bu would o se his seal o i . Shor ly hereaf er, however, he suspe ded himself from office for he si of yieldi g o he royal will i he ma er. Al hough he failed o ob ai full papal suppor a his s age, Alexa der III ul ima ely came o his aid over he Co s i u io s. La er i 1164 Becke was charged wi h pecula io of royal fu ds whe cha cellor. Af er Becke had ake fligh for Fra ce, he ki g co fisca ed he reve ues of his provi ce, exiled his frie ds, a d co fisca ed heir reve ues. I 1170 He ry had his eldes so crow ed ki g by he archbishop of York, o Ca erbury, as was radi io al. Becke , i exile, appealed o Rome a d excommu ica ed he clergy who had ake par i he ceremo y. A reco cilia io be wee Becke a d He ry a he e d of he same year se led o e of he poi s a issue.” (4) Whe Becke re ur ed o E gla d, he ook fur her measures agai s he clergy who had ake par i he coro a io . I orma dy he e raged ki g, heari g he ews, burs ou wi h he fa eful words ha i ci ed four of his k igh s o ake ship for E gla d a d murder he archbishop of Ca erbury Ca hedral. Almos over igh he mar yred homas became a sai i he eyes of he people. He ry repudia ed respo sibili y for he murder a d reco ciled himself wi h he church. Bu despi e various royal promises o abolish cus oms i jurious o he church, royal co rol of he church was li le affec ed. He cefor h crimi ous clerks were o be ried i church cour s, save for offe ses agai s he fores laws. Dispu es over ecclesias ical pa ro age a d church la ds ha were held o he same erms as lay es a es were, however, o come u der royal jurisdic io .
Понемногу все вышли из старинной часовни королей Плантагенетов и стали быстро переходить из одного отделения в другое. История Англии проносилась перед ними с ошеломляющей стремительностью. Франк и Мод долго не могли оторвать взгляда от величественной, ужасной группы "Нападение Смерти". Группа изображала какое-то чудовище, протягивающее костлявую руку к потерявшей сознание женщине лет двадцати восьми. Между чудовищем и молодой женщиной стоял, защищая последнюю, ее муж с искаженным от ужаса лицом. - Мне это теперь будет сниться, - прошептала Мод. Она побледнела, как и многие другие женщины, перед этим памятником. - Ужасная группа, - согласился и Франк, отступая назад и будучи не в силах оторвать взгляда от памятника. - Чья она? - Рубильяк - имя скульптора, - прочла Мод надпись на пьедестале памятника. - Француз или человек французского происхождения. Не правда ли, как характерно! Единственный памятник, что произвел на нас такое сильное впечатление своею гениальностью, принадлежит руке иностранца. В нас этого нет
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