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An English Speaking Country - New Zealand |
Реферат по английскому языку выполнила студентка 1 курса Факультета управления и психологии Отделения психологии Михайлусенко Екатерина Кубанский государственный университет, Кафедра иностранных языков для естественных специальностей Краснодар 2005 Geography Loca io ew Zeala d s re ches 1600 km from or h o sou h i co sis s of wo large isla ds arou d which are sca ered a umber of smaller isla ds, plus a few far-flu g isla ds hu dreds of km away. ew Zeala d's erri orial jurisdic io ex e ds o he isla ds of Cha ham, Kermadec, okelau, Auckla d, A ipodes, S ares, Sola der a d Bou y (mos of hem u i habi ed) a d o he Ross Depe de cy i A arc ica. he or h Isla d (115,000 sq km) a d he Sou h Isla d (151,000 sq km) are he wo major la d masses. S ewar Isla d, wi h a area of 1700 sq km, lies direc ly sou h of he Sou h Isla d. he cou ry is 10,400 km sou h-wes of he USA, 1700 km sou h of Fiji a d 2250 km eas of Aus ralia, i s eares large eighbor. I s wes er coas li e faces he asma Sea, he par of he Pacific Ocea which separa es ew Zeala d a d Aus ralia. Wi h a o al la d mass of 268,000 sq km, al oge her ew Zeala d's la d area is grea er ha ha of he UK (244,800 sq km), smaller ha ha of Japa (377,800 sq km), a d jus a li le smaller ha ha of Colorado i he USA (270,000 sq km). Wi h o ly 3,540,000 people, a d almos 70% of hose livi g i he five major ci ies, ha leaves a lo of wide ope spaces. he coas li e, wi h ma y bays, harbors a d fiords, is very Io rela ive o he la d mass of he cou ry. A o able fea ure of ew Zeala d's geography is he cou ry's grea umber of rivers. here's a lo of rai fall I ew Zeala d a d all ha rai has o go somewhere. he Waika o River i he or h Isla d is ew Zeala d's lo ges river, measuri g i a 425 km. Also i he or h Isla d, he Wha ga ui River is he cou ry's lo ges avigable river, which has made i a impor a wa er-way from his oric imes dow o he prese . ew Zeala d also has a umber of beau iful lakes; Lake aupo is he larges a d lakes Waikaremoa a a d Wa aka are wo of he mos beau iful. Flora a d Fau a As is he case for mos Pacific isla ds, ew Zeala d's a ive flora & fau a are, for he mos par , o fou d a ywhere else i he world. A d, like o her Pacific isla ds, Z's a ive ecosys em has bee drama ically affec ed a d cha ged by pla s a d a imals brough by se lers, mos ly i he las 200 years. Wild pigs, goa s, possums, wallabies, rabbi s, dogs, ca s a d deer have all made heir mark o he a ive' wildlife, a d blackberries, gorse, broom a d agricul ural weeds have i fes ed huge areas of la d. ew Zeala d is believed o be a fragme of he a cie sou her co i e of Go dwa ala d which became de ached over 100 millio years ago allowi g ma y a cie pla s a d a imals o survive a d evolve i isola io . As a resul , mos of he Z flora & fau a is i dige ous/e demic. I has he worlds larges fligh less parro (kakapo), he o ly ruly alpi e parro (kea), he oldes rep ile ( ua ara), some of he bigges ear hworms, he smalles ba s, so me of he oldes rees, a d ma y of he rares birds, i sec s, a d pla s i he world. he firs Maoris brough some ra s a d he ow ex i c Maori dog (kuri) wi h hem bu he o ly i dige ous mammals a ha ime were ba s.
Much of ew Zeala d's u ique flora & fau a has survived, bu oday over 150 a ive pla s -10% of he o al umber of a ive species - a d ma y a ive birds are hrea e ed wi h ex i c io . Gover me a d Poli ics he gover me al s ruc ure of ew Zeala d is modeled o he Bri ish parliame ary sys em, elec io s bei g based o u iversal adul suffrage. he mi imum vo i g age is 18 a d ca dida es are elec ed by secre ballo . he maximum period be wee elec io s is hree years, bu he i erval ca be shor er for various reaso s, a d he gover me of he day ca call a early elec io . Vo i g is o compulsory, al hough o average more ha 80% of hose eligible o vo e do so. he differe ce be wee he UK's Wes mi s er sys em a d he Z model is ha ew Zeala d has abolished he upper house a d gover s solely hrough he lower house. K ow as he House of Represe a ives, i has 120 member's sea s. he gover me ru s o a par y sys em. he par y ha wi s a majori y of sea s i a elec io au oma ically becomes he gover me a d i s leader. he prime mi is er. he wo mai par ies are he a io al (co serva ive) a d Labor par ies. Like he UK, ew Zeala d is a co s i u io al mo archy. he radi io al head of s a e, he reig i g Bri ish ki g or quee , is represe ed by a reside gover or-ge eral, who is appoi ed for a five-year erm. A i depe de judiciary makes up a o her ier of gover me . he wo-par y sys em has radi io ally made i difficul for o her par ies o gai much power. ever heless, i he 1993 elec io he Allia ce par y, composed of he Gree s a d o her groups i cludi g Labor groups a d former a io al Par y MPs, gai ed 18% of he vo e. Elec io resul s i 1993 were so close ha he a io al Par y was o ly vo ed i by a majori y of o e sea , ahead of he Labour Par y, a d he smaller Allia ce a d Z Firs par ies, which bo h had wo sea s. Af er a refere dum i 1993 o assess he public's ideas o a umber of elec oral reforms, ew Zeala ders vo ed overwhelmi gly for propor io al represe a io . he gover me has i roduced he MMP (Mixed Member Propor io al) elec oral sys em, which is a limi ed form of propor io al vo i g based o he Germa elec oral sys em. U der MMP, elec ors have wo vo es: a elec ora e vo e a d a par y vo e. Of he 120 parliame ary sea s, 60 are ge eral elec ora es, where he ca dida e who receives he mos elec ora e vo es i a elec ora e is vo ed i direc 1y as he member of parliame . A fur her five MPs represe five Maori elec ora es, chose by Maori vo ers usi g heir elec ora e vo es. he remai i g 55 'lis ' sea s are alloca ed accordi g o he perce age of he par y vo e received from a lis of ca dida es omi a ed by poli ical par ies. A par y mus have a leas 5% of he par y vo e or wi a elec ora e sea o ge i s alloca io of propor io al lis sea s I remai s o be see how he ew sys em will affec he exis i g poli ical power base. he big wi ers from he cha ges are he larges mi or par ies, such as he Allia ce, bu small par ies will s ill have difficul y gai i g sea s. he wo mai par ies will co i ue o domi a e parliame , bu majori y gover me s may become a hi g of he pas . Flag he ew Zeala d a d Aus ralia flags are very much alike.
Wi h he Bri ish flag i he op lef -ha d cor er, he ew Zeala ders show he s ars of he Sou her Cross i red o a blue field. Popula io a d People ew Zeala d's popula io of arou d 3,5 millio is comprised of 78.3% ew Zeala d Pakeha, 13% ew Zeala d Maori a d 5% Pacific Isla d Poly esia , while 1.3% are Chi ese, 0.9% are I dia a d 1.5% are 'O her'. Europea s are he o ly group decli i g, perce age-wise, while Maori, Poly esia , Chi ese, I dia a d 'O her' peoples are o he rise. Ma y of he isla ds of he Pacific are curre ly experie ci g a rapid popula io shif from remo e a d u developed isla ds o he 'big ci y' a d Auckla d is very much he big ci y of he Sou h Pacific, wi h he grea es co ce ra io of Poly esia s o ear h. I some imes causes a grea deal of argume , discussio a d e sio a d much of i is o be wee he rece Pacific immigra s a d he Pakeha popula io bu be wee he isla ders a d he Maori, or amo g he various isla d groups hemselves. Asia migra io is also i creasi g. As well as a sizeable I dia commu i y, mos ly from Fiji, ew Zeala d has bee a rac i g migra s from Eas Asia, ma y of whom have migra ed u der ew Zeala d's rece immigra io i ce ives o a rac skilled people a d especially fi a ce o he cou ry. Over he las 15 years or so he eco omic si ua io has led o a mass exodus o Aus ralia a d fur her a field, hough improvi g eco omic co di io s has see a slowi g of emigra io . Wi h o ly abou 12.6 people per sq km, ew Zeala d is ligh ly· popula ed by ma y cou ries' s a dards bu i is much more de sely popula ed ha Aus ralia wi h i s s re ches of emp y cou ry a d 2.2 perso s per sq km. he Sou h Isla d o ce had a grea er popula io ha he or h Isla d bu ow he Sou h Isla d is he place o go for elbow room- he e ire popula io of he Sou h Isla d is barely more ha ha of Auckla d. he a io 's capi al is Welli g o bu Auckla d is he larges ci y. Al oge her he popula io of he 15 larges 'urba areas' comes o early 70% of Z's popula io -Auckla d alo e has 28% of he e ire popula io . Despi e i s rural base, ew Zeala d is i fac very much a urba cou ry. Religio he mos commo religio i ew Zeala d is Chris ia i y. he 'big hree' de omi a io s are A glica (Church of E gla d) wi h 25% of he popula io , Presby eria wi h 18% a d Roma Ca holic wi h 16%. Ma y o her de omi a io s also have followi gs, wi h Me hodis s, Bap is s. Mormo s, Bre hre , Jehovah's Wi esses, Pe ecos als, Assemblies of God a d Seve h Day Adve is s all well represe ed, alo g wi h various o her fai hs i cludi g Hi dus, Jews, Muslims a d Baha'is. he Ra a a a d Ri ga u fai hs, also wi h sig ifica followi gs, are Maori adap a io s of Chris ia i y. here are also a sig ifica umber of people (16.7%) who have o religio . Educa io ew Zeala ders place a high value o educa io , a d vir ually he e ire popula io is li era e. By law, educa io is ma da ory a d free for all childre be wee he ages of six a d 15; i fac mos childre e er school by he age of five, a d ma y also have a e ded preschools before ha , all subsidized by he s a e. Correspo de ce school is available for childre who live i remo e places.
Town streets were what we used most – breakfast, night markets, nosing around and making purchases, all were successfully accomplished there – and we had experience of construction roads in Gansu and Anhui. Finally, the back alleys "developed" by migrant workers gave us a story to add to our interview plan. On 10 September, we took a taxi to a chaotic and jam-packed back street in the Zhongyang area of Zhengzhou city, to interview an intriguing woman who had turned her back on her village to come to this back street and make her living as a shoe-mender. By dint of twenty-eight years spent repairing shoes in all kinds of weather, Mrs Xie had managed to put her son and her daughter through the best universities in China. As we drove, the female taxi driver said to us: "I can hear you speaking a foreign language. Which kind of English are you speaking? Which English-speaking country are you from? What have you come to do in this dirty old street?" We wanted to make sure she was not one of those Chinese taxi drivers whose "alertness and vigilance" might lead to trouble from the local police, so we earnestly told her about educational charity work we were involved with
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