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Directors’ rights, duties, and liabilities |
Фонарь желаний бумажный, оранжевый. 
Чашка "Неваляшка". 
Наклейки для поощрения "Смайлики 2". a)Righ o I spec Corpora e Records--if do e i good fai h for purposes germa e o his posi io as dir, his righ is absolu e. b)Du y of Care--dirs mus exercise he care of a ordi arily prude a d dilige perso i a like posi io , u der similar circums a ces. here is o liabili y (abse a co flic of i eres , bad fai h, illegali y, or gross eglige ce) for errors of judgme (busi ess judgme rule-- he rebu able presump io ha ac io was ake o a i formed basis, i good fai h a d exercisi g reaso able care), bu he dir mus have bee reaso ably dilige before he rule ca be i voked (Shle sky) 1) he du y of care requires: I)Educa io --a dir should acquire a leas a rudime ary u ders a di g of he busi ess of he corpora io ; ii)I forma io --a dir is u der a co i ui g obliga io o keep i formed abou he ac ivi ies of he corp; iii)Par icipa io --dirs mus “ge erally mo i or” corpora e affairs, bu eed O i volve hemselves i he day- o-day opera io s; (i.e. hey should a e d board of dirs mee i gs wi h reaso able regulari y). iiii)I quiry--a dir has a du y o i quire whe circums a ces would aler a reaso able perso for he eed of i quiry. iiiii)Ac io --where wro gdoi g is revealed, a dir should objec , correc , or resig . Objec o he course of co duc , s eer oward correc io , a d resig if i is ’ correc ed. 2)Ex e of liabili y--dirs are perso ally liable for corpora e losses direc ly resul i g from heir breach of du y or eglige ce i falli g o discover wro gdoi g. a direc or may seek o avoid bei g held perso ally liable for ac s of he board by recordi g his disse . I)Ma y s a u es permi he ar icles o abolish or limi dir’s liabili y for breach of he du y of care abse bad fai h, i e io al misco duc , or k owi g viola io of law. 3)Defe ses o liabili y-- hese i clude good fai h relia ce o ma ageme or exper ’s repor s. Disabili ies may be co sidered i de ermi i g whe her he dir has me he s a dard of care. c)Du y of Loyal y--a ca ch-all du y desig ed o preve u fair ess-- he du y o ac i good fai h (BJR applies). Applica io : 1)Self-deali g ra sac io s I)Commo Law: (1)early absolu e prohibi io agai s self-deali g re ders ra sac io s void or voidable; (2)permissive self-deali g: dirs a d officers may co rac wi h he corp if (a)do e i “s ric es good fai h.”; (b)wi h full disclosure; a d (c)co se of “all co cer ed.” --burde of proof is o he dir o es ablish good fai h, ho es y & fair ess; --cour s weigh self-deali g ra sac io s wi h “closes scru i y” (3)self-deali g prohibi io also applies o i ercorpora e ra sac io s where dirs are commo . ii)S a u ory (example): (1)quasi-safe harbor approach (Iowa s a u e)-- ra sac io is o void or voidable because of dirs’ i eres , if ei her: --i eres is disclosed a d approval is made wi hou cou i g he vo e of he i eres ed dir.
--i eres is disclosed o shs a d shs au horize -- ra sac io is fair a d reaso able (2) o e--dir mus s ill es ablish ha he ac ed i good fai h, ho es y, a d fair ess 2)Domi a io of subsidiary by pare --cour s look a he ra sac io o see if self-deali g has occurred. Example (Si clair Oil): I)declara io of divide ds shared pro ra a was O self-deali g; BJR applies ii)co rac be wee pare a d sub was self-deali g; apply i ri sic fair ess es 3)Ma ager’s compe sa io : I)Ordi ary corpora io s--co flic s are i evi able bu all firms eed o se compe sa io . he burde of proof is placed o challe gers as a ma er of co ve ie ce. ii)Close corpora io s-- he i come ge era ed by he firm may be diver ed o salaries, so here is a op io for self-deali g by he par ies i co rol o ake ax-adva aged compe sa io i he form of salaries ( axed o ce) as opposed o divide ds ( axed wice). d)S a u ory Du ies a d Liabili ies--i addi io o ge eral du y of care, federal a d s a e laws also impose cer ai du ies a d liabili ies, e.g., regis ra io requireme s u der he Securi ies Ac of 1933, liabili y for rule 10b-5 viola io s, liabili y for illegal divide ds. Some s a u es also impose crimi al liabili y o corpora e ma agers for u lawful corpora e ac io s. Список литературы
I'm looking to it, looking forward to seeing the real thing. What is the questoin sorry (laughter)... VH: I said I'd give him an Oscar (laughter), do you find it embarrassing that the party leaders to this kind of... JA: No, I think it's showbusiness, it's modern politics. VH: Right, fine OK. JA: I mean I wonder how many votes are in it. I mean I think in the last election we just saw a soupcon of it. Neil Kinnock's broadcast with the Beethoven's 9th. VH: Right, it was an outstanding piece of Brams 1st. JA: No, it was Beethoven's 9th. VH: No. JA: Anyway, let's not argue about the music but it was the rather stunning presentation of Kinnock in a much better light than certainly I'd ever seen him before and it didn't make a tupenny, ha'penny worth of votes in the end. I mean I think it's part of razzamatazz of electioneering but the British people are not fooled by any director's presentation. I think in the end it is the issues and the substantive things that count. VH: Well from one practising journalist to another... Хотя В
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