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Законодательство и право История отечественного государства и права
American Autoindustry in 1920 |
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Чашка "Неваляшка". As America moved i o he "Roari g we ies", he au omobile became a impor a par of he every ci ize 's life. he car became more affordable for he people wi h he average i come. Au omobile produc io figures rose from wo millio i 1920 o five a d a half i 1929. By he la e we ies a poi was reached a which i was possible o move he e ire popula io of he U i ed S a es by road a o e ime, si ce here was close o o e mo or vehicle for every five people. hus he car was o lo ger a luxury, bu a useful a d ecessary i em of he household. here are wo fac ors ha made his possible. Firs - he price drop o he cars, which reached i s lowes poi i 1926, whe a Model (o e of he firs Ford's cars) could be bough for $290. Seco dly here was a liberal access o he credi for bo h co sumers a d dealers. he big compa ies such as Ge eral Mo ors a d Ford we i o fi a ci g of sales o a big scale. he resul was ha by 1925 hree-four hs of all sales of mo or vehicles, ew a d used, were made o ime-payme pla s. Mo or-vehicle ma ufac uri g was by he he larges i dus ry i he cou ry a d was s ill growi g rapidly. Employme i he au omobile fac ories was a quar er of a millio i 1922 a d i excess of he 400,000 i 1929; he amou of paid wages doubled from $400 millio s o $800 millio s. I also had a grea effec o o her i dus ries: highway co s ruc io , re ail, repair a d gas services. hese i dus ries employed abou he 1,2 millio people. he mo or vehicle was ow co sumi g a ually 90% of he cou ry's pe roleum produc s, 80% of he rubber, 20% of s eel, 75% of he pla e glass, a d 25% of he machi e ools. Of course all his au omobeliza io of a such huge cou ry as USA required reorga iza io of a whole highway sys em i order o provide mo oris s wi h usable ways of ra spor a io . I 1916 he Co gress passed he Road Aid Ac by which all s a e gover me s were required o have a highway depar me o keep s a e roads i order. Bu ew Federal Highway Ac of 1921 we eve fur her by providi g s a es wi h he federal help i mai ai i g of he roads of he federal impor a ce (abou 7% of he o -urba road mileage i each s a e) o a fif y-fif y ma chi g basis. I i ially abou wo hu dred housa d miles of ru k highways received federal suppor . I order o jus ify hese expe ses Orego 's s a e gover me used simple a d appare ly pai less me hod of axi g he sale of gasoli e i a amou of o e ce per gallo . e years la er every s a e had gasoli e ax, a d he average had rise o hree ce s per gallo . Duri g his ime he au omobile i dus ry was u dergoi g fu dame al cha ges i s ruc ure. he day, whe he i dividual wi h ech ical skills a d a garage could s ar a mo or compa y like i he begi i g of he ce ury, was go e. I order o gai he mass marke he compa y had o have a reme dous capi al, grea ma ufac uri g facili ies a d widespread e work of dealerships. hus duri g his ime he so-called Big hree co solida e abou hree-four h of he marke , leavi g he remai i g 25% o abou 50 o her compa ies. So his Big hree co sis ed of Ford, Ge eral Mo ors a d Chrysler. Ford Mo or Compa y. A he begi i g of he boom period of 1920's, Ford's leadi g posi io was u challe ged a d seemi gly u challe geable; i 1921 he Ford Mo or Compa y made hree-fif h of all he mo or vehicles ma ufac ured i he U i ed S a es.
Bu soo Ge eral Mo ors moved i from his posi io . He ry Ford ( he fou der of he Ford Mo or Compa y) co ribu ed a lo o his ow defea . He s ubbor ly refused o see ha he assembly li e (his i ova io ) a d he Model (his firs car) were merely a s ep i he progress of he au omobile a d o he culmi a i g s age. he problem wi h i Lizzies (Model ) was ha hey were produced almos u cha ged from heir pro o ype of 1908. He ry Ford obviously missed he fac ha more a rac ive a d more comfor able cars appeared o he marke , a d low price (Model was he cheapes o e) was ' a solu io o every hi g. he price from ow o became jus o e, bu o he o ly o e, of he cri eria for he co sumer's decisio . O May 31s , 1927 he las Model ( o. 15,007,003) rolled off he assembly li e a d all Ford ma ufac uri g opera io s came o a prolo ged hal . his was he resul of fi al realiza io of he i evi able Ford was loosi g o he Ge eral Mo ors, a d i eeded some hi g ew. For abou a year a d a half Ford was keepi g sile ce, bu fi ally he came ou wi h he Model A. Al hough i was a good car, a d i i s firs year i ou sold Ge eral Mo or's Chevrole , bu i was ' sig ifica ly differe from i s compe i ors a d cer ai ly o superior o hem. hus i spi e of all Ford's effor his compa y would remai o i s seco d place ill owadays. Ge eral Mo ors Compa y. Ge eral Mo ors was fou ded by William C. Dura i 1908. Ge eral Mo ors was he major Ford's compe i or a d was able o defea Ford's Compa y o o ly due o he Ford's mis akes bu also because of Alfred P. Sloa , Jr., o e of he grea es orga izi g ge iuses i he America i dus ry. Af er Dura bough Sloa 's busi ess, which was pre y successful, Sloa came o work for Ge eral Mo ors oo. Soo he was promo ed o vice preside a d became preside of he Ge eral Mo ors i 1923. I 1920 Ge eral Mo ors bega o experie ce big roubles wi h quali y co rol a d sales. William Dura was forced ou of his job a d Pierre Samuel DuPo ook his place. Sloa was i charge of opera io s a he ime. He had o reorga ize he whole compa y because ma ageme eam was u orga ized. Few differe li es of cars were produced: Chevrole , Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, Po iac, La Salle, a d more. o e of hem had produc io pla i g bu hey all compe ed amo g each o her. O ly Buick a d Cadillac were k ow for quali y. Compa y had o i ve ory co rol. Whe Sloa familiarized himself wi h he mess i he compa y, he realized wha he compa y could be if i was orga ized. He o iced few mai adva ages over Ford: Ge eral Mo ors had varie y of cars whe Ford o ly had Model i produc io , also GM's car were i differe price ra ges. GM s ar ed maki g cars wi h 4, 6, a d 8 cyli ders. He es ablished i ve ory co rol, a d disco i ued a y li e of cars which was ' popular wi h co sumers. Also he formed a policy of a ual model cha ges o a rac cus omers. Also he se up adver iseme s a d ba que s o help him sell cars. I 1921 Ge eral Mo ors sold 457,000 cars a d heir profi was 61 millio dollars. ex year 800,000 cars were sold a d profi was 80 millio dollars. Preside DuPo was so pleased ha he re ired a d amed Sloa he preside of Ge eral Mo ors. I 1929 he profi of Ge eral Mo ors was 248 millio dollars wi h 1.9
millio cars sold. Duri g he Grea Depressio sales dropped by a lo bu Ge eral Mo ors s ill made a huge profi compared o all he o her compa ies because he compa y so orga ized u der Sloa ha i was able o adap fas o a y major marke cha ge. Whe Alfred Sloa ook charge of he Ge eral Mo ors, compa y was a mess a d was o he edge of collapse. Alfred Sloa basically made Ge eral Mo ors he compa y ha became firs o he marke a d kep ha posi io . Chrysler. A he ex level below Ford a d Ge eral Mo ors, whe he 1920's bega , was a group of appare ly well-es ablished compa ies wi h some po e ial: Hudso (i cludi g Essex), S udebaker, Dodge, Maxwell (la er Chrysler), Willys-Overla d, ash, Packard, a d Dura Mo ors. From hese o ly Chrysler emerged o form wha became o e of he Big hree of America au omobiledom. his was he resul of a co scious decisio o Chrysler's par , alo g wi h a abili y o grasp oppor u i ies. He was aware ha , despi e i s promisi g s ar , he Chrysler Corpora io would be a mi or a d possibly shor -lived member of he au omo ive world u less i could ge es ablished i he mass marke . Bu he ma ufac uri g resources were oo limi ed o e able Chrysler o produce a low-priced car compe i ively, a d he compa y s ill lacked he fi a cial s re g h o build a ew pla o he scale ha would be required. he solu io o he problem was fou d whe he Dodge Bro hers Ma ufac uri g Compa y was pu o he marke i 1928. Joh a d Horace Dodge had bee vic ims of he i flue za epidemic ha followed he Firs World War, a d heir heirs subseque ly decided o ge ou of he au omobile busi ess. Co seque ly, af er some dickeri g Dodge was absorbed by he Chrysler orga iza io . he asse s received by Chrysler were jus wha he eeded: a firs -class ma ufac uri g pla wi h a well-equipped fou dry a d o her facili ies for large-scale produc io ; a car wi h a well-k ow ame a d a es ablished posi io i he medium-priced marke ; a d a dealer e work some welve housa d s ro g ha could be used as a ou le for o her Chrysler produc s. he Dodge sales orga iza io was co sidered o be o e of he bes i he cou ry, a d Chrysler's au obiography makes i clear ha he wa ed he Dodge dealers as much as he Dodge ma ufac uri g capaci y. Wi h hese resources a his comma d Chrysler was able o i roduce he Plymou h i 1928, a s ep ea ly imed o ake adva age of He ry Ford's emporary disappeara ce from he mass marke . Wi h he rise of Chrysler he developi g s ruc ure of he America au omobile i dus ry became clearly appreciable. A he op were Ge eral Mo ors a d Ford, be wee hem ou produci g he res of he i dus ry pu oge her. Bo h were also i er a io al au omo ive powers. Ford had es ablished ma ufac uri g subsidiaries i Europe before he Firs World War a d had regio al assembly pla s hroughou he world. Ge eral Mo ors bough he Bri ish Vauxhall a d he Germa Opel compa ies duri g he 1920's. Chrysler was well behi d he leaders bu defi i ely ahead of he res of he field. he o al effec of he mo or vehicle o America life has s ill o be measured, if i deed such measureme is eve possible. Cer ai ly he au omobile brough major social cha ges, a d some of hese were becomi g evide wi h he widespread ex e sio of car ow ership i he 1920's.
Russia Leaves the War. Princeton, 1956, p. 13 (note). {340} Kennan G. Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920. Russia Leaves the War. Princeton, 1956, p. 19. {341} Francis D. Russia from the American Embassy. N.Y., 1921, p. 244. {342} Francis D. Op. cit., p. 88. {343} Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1917, Supplement I, The World War (1931), p. 200. {344} Paleologue М. La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grande Guerre, torn III, Paris, 1921, p. 252. {345} Палеолог М. Царская Россия накануне революции. М. 1923, с. 370. {346} Палеолог М. Царская Россия накануне революции. М. 1923, с. 388. {347} Buchanan G. My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories. Boston, 1923, p. 98. {348} Ллойд Джордж Д. Военные мемуары. Том 4, М., 1935, с. 111. {349} Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918, Russia, vol. I. Washington, 1931, p. 6. {350} FRUS, Russia, 1918, V. I, p. 5-6. [. {351} Lloyd Gardner C. Op. cit., p. 134. {352} Hansard, 91 Н. С. Debates, 5th ser., cols 1472-3, 1538. {353} Бьюкенен Дж. Мемуары дипломата, с. 169:. {354} Палеолог М
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