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The History of English |
Фонарь желаний бумажный, оранжевый. 
Ночник-проектор "Звездное небо и планеты", фиолетовый. 
Гуашь "Классика", 12 цветов. School Research Paper S ude : Jakoubso Julia Grade: 9 “A” School №9 eacher Gorbacheva M.V. Kolom a 2003.Co e s Pages I roduc io .3 I. Old E glish .3-17 a). Cel ic ribes 3-4 b). he Roma s 4-10 c). Germa ic ribes .10-15 d). he orma Fre ch .15-16 II. Middle E glish .16-19 III. Morde E glish .20-22 Co clusio .22-24 Lis of Li era ure .26 Why do people all over he world lear foreig la guages? Perhaps because he world is ge i g smaller, i a way: a io s are more closely li ked wi h each o her ha ever before, compa ies opera e world-wide, scie is s of differe a io ali ies co-opera e, a d ouris s ravel prac ically everywhere. he abili y o commu ica e wi h people from o her cou ries is ge i g more a d more impor a . A d lear i g foreig la guages broade s your horizo s, oo! Before lear ers of a foreig la guage are able o commu ica e, hey have o acquire ma y skills. hey mus lear o produce u familiar sou ds. hey mus build up a vocabulary. hey mus lear grammar rules a d how o use hem. A d, las bu o leas , hey mus develop lis e i g, speaki g, readi g a d wri i g skills a d lear how o reac i a varie y of si ua io s. All people like o ravel. Some ravel arou d heir ow cou ry, o hers ravel abroad. Some like o ravel i o he fu ure, o hers prefer o ravel i o he pas . While I was worki g ou my research paper a d readi g ma y books o E glish his ory, I had a exci i g rip i o a remo e pas . I was a fa as ical jour ey our Imagi ary ime Machi e a d a Magic Wa d. he ime Machi e ook me i o he dep h of he ce uries, i o he very early his ory of Bri ai . I waved he Magic Wa d a d he words bega o alk, hey disclosed o me heir mys eries, I discovered secre s hidde i familiar hi gs. I o her words, you will be a wi ess of maki g of E glish. Old E glish. (450-1100) a). Cel ic ribes. Make a firs ur of he ime Machi e a d you will fi d yourself o he Bri ish Isles i he ime of he a cie i habi a s, he Cel s. he Cel s were a ives of he Bri ish Isles lo g before he E glish. he Cel s had heir la guage, which is s ill spoke by he people livi g i he par of Bri ai k ow as Wales. A d hough ma y cha ges happe ed o he Bri ish Isles, some Cel ic words are s ill used i he E glish la guage. wo housa d years ago here was a Iro Age Cel ic cul ure hroughou he Bri ish Isles. I seems ha he Cel s, who had bee arrivi g from Europe from he eigh h ce ury BC o wards, i ermi gled wi h he peoples who were already here. We k ow ha religious si es ha had bee buil lo g before he arrival of he Cel s co i ued o be used i he Cel ic period. For people i Bri ai oday, he chief sig ifica ce of he prehis oric period (for which o wri e records exis ) is i s se se of mys ery. his se se fi ds i s focus mos easily i he as o ishi g mo ume al archi ec ure of his period, he remai s of which exis hroughou he cou ry. Wil shire, i sou h-wes er E gla d, has wo spec acular examples: Silbury Hill, he larges burial mou d i Europe, a d S o ehe ge. Such places have a special impor a ce for a yo e i eres ed i he cul ural a d religious prac ices of prehis oric Bri ai . We k ow very li le abou hese prac ices, bu here are some orga iza io s oday (for example, he Order of Bards, Ova es a d Druids – a small group of ecce ric i ellec uals a d mys ics) who base heir beliefs o hem.
he Cel s preserved heir la guage i some par s of Bri ai , bu hey did o add ma y words o he E glish vocabulary. hose, ha are i use ow, are mos ly place- ames: ames of regio s, ow s, rivers. he Cel s had a umber of similar words o ame rivers, like: Exe, Esk, Usk. All of hem come from a word mea i g wa er (uisge). La er his word was used o ame a s ro g alcoholic dri k made from barley or rye. I was firs called “wa er of life”. he word cha ged i s from a d pro u cia io , a d oday a res aura s i he Wes o e ca see o he me u amo g o her spiri s whisky, a Cel ic word formerly mea i g wa er. b). he Roma s. O e more ur of our ime Machi e a d i ook me i o he 1s ce ury of our era. A ha ime Roma s came i o Bri ai , hey ruled he cou ry for 400 years. So, you ca guess ha ma y La i words came la er i o he E glish la guage hrough Cel s, because, as you k ow, Roma s spoke La i . he Roma provi ce of Bri a ia mos of prese -day E gla d a d Wales. he Roma s imposed heir ow way of life a d cul ure, maki g use of he exis i g Cel ic aris ocracy o gover a d e couragi g his ruli g class o adop Roma dress a d Roma la guage. he Roma s ever we o Irela d a d exer ed a i flue ce, wi hou ac ually gover i g here, over o ly he sou her par of Sco la d. I was duri g his ime ha a Cel ic ribe called he Sco s migra ed from Irela d o Sco la d, where hey became allies of he Pic s (a o her Cel ic ribe) a d oppo e s of he Roma s. his divisio of he Cel s i o hose who experie ced Roma rule ( he Bri o s i E gla d a d Wales) a d hose who did o ( he Gaels i Irela d a d Sco la d) may help o explai he developme of wo dis i c bra ches of he Cel ic group of la guages. he remarkable hi g abou he Roma s is ha , despi e heir lo g occupa io of Bri ai , hey lef very li le behi d. o ma y o her par s of Europe hey bequea hed a sys em of law a d admi is ra io which forms he basis of he moder sys em a d a la guage which developed i o he moder Roma ce family of la guages. I Bri ai , hey lef ei her. Moreover, mos of heir villas, ba hs a d emples, heir impressive e work of roads, a d he ci ies hey fou ded, i cludi g Lo di ium (Lo do ), were soo des royed or fell i o disrepair. Almos he o ly las i g remi der of heir prese ce are place- ames like Ches er, La cas er a d Glouces er, which i clude varia s of he Roma word cas ra (a mili ary camp). Roma rule las ed for 4 ce uries. here are ma y hi gs i Bri ai oday o remi d of he Roma s: wells, roads, walls. o defe d heir provi ce he Roma s s a io ed heir legio s i Bri ai . S raigh roads were buil so ha he legio s migh march quickly. Whe ever hey were eeded, o a y par of he cou ry. hese roads were made of several layers of s o es, lime, mor ar a d gravel. hey were made so well ha hey las ed a lo g ime a d s ill exis oday. homas Hardy dedica ed his poem o Roma roads. Here is he begi i g. HE ROMA ROAD he Roma road ru s s raigh a d bare As he pale par i g li e i hair Across he heal h. A d hough ful me Co ras i s days of ow a d he , A d delve, a d measure, a d compare, Visio i g o he vaca air Helmed legio aries who proudly rear he eagle as hey pace agai he Roma road O e of he roads has a ame – “KA LI G S REE ”.
I is a grea Roma road ex e di g eas a d wes across Bri ai . Begi i g a Dover, i ra hrough Ca erbury o Lo do , he ce hrough S .Alba s, Du s able, alo g he bou dary of Leices er a d Warwick o Wroxe er o he Sever . he origi of he ame is o k ow a d here are several o her sec io s of he road so called. I he la e 9 h ce ury i became he bou dary be wee E glish a d Da ish erri ory. o guard heir provi ce agai s he Pic s a d Sco s who lived i he hills of Sco la d he Roma s buil a high wall, a mili ary barrier seve y- hree miles lo g. I was called “Hadria ’s Wall” because i was buil by comma d of he Emperor Hadria . Lo g s re ches of “HADRIA ’S WALL” have remai ed o his day. I he capi al of Bri ai you ca see he fragme s of he old Lo do wall buil by he Roma s. Wha really happe ed i AD 61? I AD 61 he ki g of he Cel ic ribe Ice i died. Before he died he had amed Roma Emperor ero as his heir. He hoped ha his would pu his family a d ki gdom u der he Emperor’s pro ec io . Bu he resul was he exac opposi e of his hopes. His ki gdom was plu dered by ce urio s, his priva e proper y was ake away, his widow Boadicea was flogged, his daugh ers were deprived of a y righ s, his rela ives were ur ed i o slaves. Boadicea’s ribe rose o rebellio . Boadicea s ood a he head of a umerous army. More ha 70,000 Roma s were killed duri g he revol . Bu he Bri o s had li le cha ce agai s a experie ced, well-armed Roma army. he risi g was crushed, Boadicea ook poiso o avoid cap ure. Her mo ume o he hames Emba kme opposi e Big Be remi d people of her harsh cry: ”Liber y of dea h” which has echoed dow he ages. Some of he E glish words rela i g o meals are of La i origi , hey were borrowed from he Roma s i a cie imes. he Roma s i he period of heir flourishi g a d expa sio came i o co ac wi h he Germa ic ribes, or he eu o s, who la er moved o Bri ai a d formed here he E glish a io . he Roma s were a race wi h higher civiliza io ha he eu o s whom hey co sidered barbaria s. hey augh he eu o s ma y useful hi gs a d gave hem very impor a words ha he forefa hers of he E glish brough wi h hem o Bri ai a d ha remai ed i he E glish la guage up o ow. Ki che a d able are La i words borrowed i hose far-off days, ha show a revolu io i culi ary arra geme s; dish, ke le a d cup also became k ow o he eu o s a ha ime. he early words of La i origi give us a dim pic ure of Roma rades raveli g wi h heir mules a d asses he paved roads or he Germa provi ces, heir ches s a d boxes a d wi e-sacks full of goods ha hey profi ably bargai ed wi h he primi ive a ces ors of he owadays E glish. Wi e was o e of he firs i ems of rade be wee he Roma s a d he eu o s. ha ’s how his word came i o use. he eu o s k ew o ly o e frui – apple, hey did o grow frui rees or cul iva ed garde s, bu hey seem o have bee eager o lear , for hey borrowed pear, plum, cherry. he eu o s were a agricul ural people, u der he i flue ce of he Roma s hey bega o grow bee , o io . Milk was o e of he mai ki ds of food wi h he eu o s, bu he Roma s augh hem me hods of maki g cheese a d bu er for milk.
Томас Говард имел большой вес при дворе молодого Генриха VIII, поэтому назвать его имя Мор опасался (RIII, Introduction, p. LXIX). О Говардах см. прим. 5. 49 Согласно средневековому праву Англии, дворянский сын в 15 лет мог получить феодальное держание, за которое он обязан был нести военную службу - рыцарскую службу. До этого события дворянин считался несовершеннолетним и находился под опекой родственников или назначенных королем лиц (F. Pollock and F. W. Maitland. The History of English Law, v. I. Cambridge, 1923, p. 318). 50 От этого места до конца абзаца текст "не был написан господином Мором в его истории, писанной по-английски, и переведен здесь из его истории, писанной по-латыни" (прим. Рэстела). Русский перевод сделан прямо с латинского текста. 51 События, о которых рассказывает Елизавета, происходили в 1470-1471 гг. 7 сентября вооруженные отряды баронского дома Невилей, Георга Кларенса и французские наемники Маргариты Анжуйской высадились в Плимуте и Дортмуте. Основные их силы двинулись на Лондон. Эдуард IV, подавляя бунт одного из сторонников графа Уорвика - лорда Фитцгу, находился далеко на севере подле шотландской границы
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64. English topics
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