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Искусство, Культура, Литература Литература, Лингвистика
Лекции Л. И. Городнего по лексикологии английского языка |
Чашка "Неваляшка". 
Карабин, 6x60 мм. 
Ручка "Помада". Semasiology Lear i g objec ives: Af er you have s udied he lec ure you should able o:1)defi e he erm semasiology; 2) speak abou he problem of defi i g he erm 3) explai he esse ce of a) he refere ial approach o he problem of defi i g he mea i g b) he fu c io al approach; 4)express your ow apprecia io of he problem u der a alysis. 5) give (draw) a basic ria gle (E.g.: he shop houses 15- o cra e; A aked co duc or ra alo g he car). he bru ch of lexicology, ha is devo ed o he s udy of mea i g is k ow as Semasiology. Semasiology (from Gr . semasia - &quo ;sig ifica io &quo ;) deals o wi h every ki d of li guis ic mea i g o ly. his does o mea ha we eed o pay a e io o he gramma ical mea i g. O he co rary, gramma ical mea i g mus be ake i o co sidera io i so far as i bears a specific i flue ce upo lexical mea i g. he mai objec s of semasiological s udy are as follows: sema ic developme of words, i s causes a d classifica io , releva dis i c ive fea ures a d ypes of lexical mea i g, polysemy a d sema ic s ruc ure of word, sema ic groupi gs a d co ec io s i he vocabulary sys em, i.e. sy o yms, a o yms, e c. Mea i g is o e of he mos co roversial erms i he heory of la guage. A exac defi i io of lexical mea i g becomes especially difficul due o complexi y of he process, by which la guage a d huma co seque ce serve o reflec ou ward reali y. Si ce here is o u iversally accep ed defi i io mea i g we shall give a brief survey of he problem as i is viewed i moder li guis ics. here are 2 approaches o he problem: 1) he refere ial approach, which formula es he esse ce of mea i g as he i erdepe de ce be wee words a d hi gs or co cep s hey de o e; 2) he fu c io al approach, which s udies he fu c io s of a word i speech. his approach is (some imes described as co ex ual) based o he a alysis of various co ex s. he esse ial fea ure of he firs approach is ha i dis i guishes be wee he hree compo e s, co ec ed wi h mea i g: 1) he sou d form of he li guis ic sig (sig or symbol); 2) he co cep u derlyi g his sou d form (mea i g; hough or refere ce). 3 ) he ac ual refere , i.e. he par or he aspec of reali y o which he li guis ic sig refers ( hi g mea ). he bes k ow refere ial model of mea i g is so-called &quo ;basic ria gle&quo ;, which may be represe i a simplified form: Co cep (mea i g, hough , refere ) Sou d formrefere ( hi g mea ) (sig , symbol) As we ca see from he diagram, he sou d form of he li guis ic sig , for i s a ce is co ec ed wi h our co cep of a small which i de o es, a d hough i wi h he refere , i.e. he ac ual hi g. he commo fea ure of he refere ial approach is he implaca io ha mea i g i some form or o her co ec ed wi h refere . Le us exami e he i errela io be wee : 1-Mea i g a d sou d form he sou d-form of he word is o ide ical wi h, i s mea i g amely is he sou d form, used o de o e a bed for a child here are i here co ec io s be wee his sou d form, used o de o e a bed for a child. here are i here co ec io s be wee his sou d form a d he mea i g of he word &quo ;co &quo ;, bu hey are co ve io al a d arbi rary. We may prove i by compari g he sou d-forms of differe la guages, co veyi g o e a d he same mea i g, cf.
E glish . O he co rary, he sou d-clus er i he E glish la guage is almos ide ical o he sou d form i Russia la guage possessi g he mea i g &quo ;male-ca &quo ;. 2-Mea i g a d co cep Whe we exami e a word, we see ha i s mea i g, hough co ec ed wi h he u derlyi g co cep is o ide ical wi h i . o begi wi h, co cep is a ca egory of huma cog i io . Co cep is he hough of he objec ha si gles ou i s esse ial fea ures. Our co cep s abs rac s a d reflec he mos commo a d ypical fea ures of he differe objec s a d phe ome a of he world. Bei g he resul of abs rac io he co cep s are hus almos he same for he whole of huma i y. he mea i gs of worlds, however, are differe i differe la guages. I o her words, words expressi g ide ical co cep s may have differe sema ic s ruc ures i differe la guages. he co cep of &quo ;a buildi g for huma habi a io ” is expressed i E glish by he word house, i Russia by he word дом, bu he mea i g of he E glish word is o ide ical wi h ha of he Russia as house does o possess he mea i g of &quo ;fixed reside ce of family or household&quo ;, which ha of he Russia as house does o possess he mea i g of he Russia word дом; i is expressed by a o her E glish word, amely home. he differe ce be wee mea i g a d co cep ca also be observed by compari g sy o ymous words a d word-groups expressi g he same co cep s, bu possessi g li guis ic mea i g, which is fel as differe i each of he u i s u der co sidera io s: Big - large; o die - o pass away - kick he bucke - joi he majori y; Child - baby-babe-i fa ; Daddy - fa her - gover or - e c. 3-Mea i g a d refere o dis i guish mea i g from he refere , i.e. from he hi g de o ed by he li guis ic sig is of he u mos impor a ce. o begi wi h, mea i g is a li guis ic phe ome o whereas he de o ed objec or he refere is beyo d he scope of la guage. We ca de o e o e a d he same objec by more ha o e word of a differe mea i g. For example, a apple ca be de o ed by he words apple, frui , sm h, his, e c. So far as all hese words have he same refere . hus mea i g is o o be ide ified wi h ei her of he hree poi s of he ria gle. I is closely co ec ed, bu o ide ical wi h sou d-form, co cep or refere . Ye eve he li guis s, who accep ed his view disagree as o he a ure of mea i g. Some of hem regard mea i g as he i errela io of he hree poi s he ria gle wi hi he framework of he give la guage, bu o as a objec ively exi i g par of he li guis ic sig . O hers a d amo g hem he ou s a di g Russia scholar Smir i sky A. I. u ders a d he li guis ic sig as a wo-face u i . hey view mea i g as &quo ;a cer ai reflec io i our mi d of objec s, phe ome a or rela io s ha makes par of he li guis ic sig - i s so called i er face , whereas he sou d-form fu c io s as i s ou er face &quo ; he ou er face of he li guis ic sig is i dispe sable o mea i g a d i ercommu ica io . Mea i g is o be fou d i all li guis ic u i s a d oge her wi h heir sou d-form co s i u es by li guis ic scie ce. he li guis ic sig s s udied by li guis ic scie ce. he grea s umbli g block i refere ial heories of mea i g has always bee ha hey opera e wi h subjec ive a d i a gible me al processes.
he resul s of he sema ic i ves iga io herefore depe d o a cer ai ex e o &quo ; he feeli g of la guage&quo ; a d ca o be verified by a o her i ves iga or a alyzi g he same li guis ic da a. So, semasiology has o rely oo much o li guis ic i ui io a d u like o her fields of li guis ics (pho e ics, his ory of la guage) does o posses objec ive me hods of i ves iga io . Fu c io al approach o Mea i g I rece years a ew a d e irely differe approach o mea i g has appeared i s ruc ural li guis ics. his approach mai ai s ha a li guis ic s udy of mea i g is he i ves iga io of he rela io of sig o sig o ly. I o her words, hey hold he view ha he mea i g of a li guis ic u i may be s udied o ly hrough i s rela io o o her li guis ic u i s a d o hrough i s rela io o ei her co cep or refere . hus, he mea i g of he 2 words move a d moveme is differe because hey fu c io i speech differe ly. Really, hey occupy differe posi io s i rela io o o her words. ( o) move ca be followed by a ou (move he chair), preceded by a pro ou (we move), e c. he posi io occupied by he word moveme is differe : i may be followed by a preposi io (moveme of sm h) preceded by a adjec ive (slow moveme ) a d so o . As he dis ribu io (&quo ; he posi io of a li guis ic sig i rela io o o her li guis ic sig s) of he 2 words is differe hey co e o he co clusio ha o o ly hey belo g o differe classes of words, bu ha ha o o ly mea i gs are differe oo. I follows ha i he fu c io al approach mea i g may be viewed as he fu c io of dis ribu io : 1) sema ic i ves iga io is co fi ed o he a alysis of he differe or same ess mea i g; 2)mea i g is u ders ood esse ially as he fu c io or he use of li guis ic sig s.Rela io be wee he 2 approaches Whe compari g he wo approaches i erms of me hods of li guis ic a alysis, we may see ha he fu c io al approach should o be co sidered a al er a ive, bu ra her a valuable compleme o he refere ial heory. I is o ly a ural ha li guis ic i ves iga io mus s ar by collec i g a adequa e umber of samples of co ex . O ce his phase had bee comple ed, i seems bu logical, o pass o o he refere ial phase a d ry o formula e he mea i g hus ide ified. here is absolu ely o eed o se he wo approaches agai s each o her; each ha dles - i s is side of he problem a d ei her is comple e wi hou he o her. he mea i g of he word, i s compo e s he word is o e of he fu dame al u i s of la guage. I is a dialec al u i y of form a d co e . I s co e or mea i g is o ide ical o o io , bu i may reflec huma o io , bu i may reflec huma o io a d is co sidered as he form of heir exis e ce. So he defi i io of a word is o e of he mos difficul i li guis ics, because he simples word has ma y differe aspec s: a sou d form, i s morphological s ruc ure, i may occur i differe word-forms a d have various mea i gs. I is u iversally recog ized ha word mea i g is o homoge eous, bu i is made up of various compo e s, which are described as ypes of mea i g. here are 2 ypes of mea i g o be fou d i words a d word forms: he gramma ical mea i g; he lexical mea i g. Such word forms as “girls”, “wri ers”, “ ables”, e c.,
Этот человек невеpоятным обpазом вовлекал в активнyю pаботy людей самого pазличного ypовня, темпеpамента, амбиций и даже таких бyзотёpов, как мyзыканты джаз клyба. Стyденты политехнического стаpались не подвести своего пpеподавателя: Влад Лихачёв дyша танцевального коллектива, активный оpганизатоp меpопpиятий джаз клyба; в 70-х этот опыт пpигодился емy в Москве пpи оpганизации незабываемых выстyплений кваpтета Алексея Козлова в кафе "Печоpа", создании пеpвого в Москве джаз-pок клyба в подвале на yлице Алабяна; Геннадий Шакин пpофессиональный фотогpаф, запечатлевший всю истоpию "Россиянки", создавший массy хyдожественных фотогpафий по джазовой тематике и yникальный в своём pоде знаменитый слайд-фильм о Владимиpе Высоцком. Пpавая pyка Эдyаpда Гольника - pадиоинженеp, член Совета Кафе, Пpезидент воpонежского джаз клyба Юpий Веpменич - известная фигypа джазовом миpе стpаны. Его бесчисленные пеpеводы с английского языка специальной джазовой литеpатypы, лекции по данной тематике многим оказали неоценимyю помощь во вpемя инфоpмационного голода
2. Отчет по практической работе "Изучение MS Windows & MS Word 4 Windows 2.0"
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5. Практические работы по физиологии
9. Лекции Л. И. Городнего по лексикологии английского языка
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12. Лекции - фтизиатрия (организация противотуберкулезной работы)
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16. Предмет и задачи лексикологии
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Набор посуды "Тролли", 3 предмета. 
Муфта для коляски Bambola (шерстяной мех + плащевка + кнопки), темно-синяя. 
Матрас в приставную колыбельку Bambola "Mini soft-8" (45x90x8 см). 34. Лекции по Истории мировых цивилизаций
35. Краткий конспект лекций по Теории тестирования аппаратных и программных средств
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37. Лекции по высокоуровневым методам информатики и программированию
41. Травма - лекция по общей хирургии
42. Лекции по теории преступности
43. Лекции по уголовному праву (общая часть)
44. Лекции по Концепциям Современного Естествознания (КСЕ)
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47. Строительные материалы (лекции за 2-й курс)
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Мобиль музыкальный "Рыбки" (звук, 2 режима). 
Магнитно-маркерная доска, 53x41 см. 
Горшок эмалированный с крышкой, 1,5 л. 50. Конспект лекций по дисциплине "Метрология и стандартизация". Часть 1. Метрология
51. Конспект лекций по "Основам психотерапии"
52. Курс лекций по социальной психологии
53. Юридическая психология (лекции-шпора)
57. Тепловые процессы (из конспекта лекций 2000г.)
58. Общая Физика (лекции по физике за II семестр СПбГЭТУ "ЛЭТИ")
59. Практические навыки (лабор. работы по физиологии для ИФК)
60. Философия (лекции в Тамбовском приборостроительном техникуме)
61. Лекции по философии (Кандидатский 2004г.)
64. Курс лекций по управленческому учету
Набор игрушек для ванны "Мимимишки". 
Беговел "Funny Wheels Basic" (цвет: желтый). 
Фоторамка на 4 фотографии С34-009 "Alparaisa", 55,5x18 см (белый). 65. Конспект лекций по маркетингу (Пермский государственный университет)
66. Международные финансы (лекции)
69. Лекции по политэкономии 2 семестр 1 курс
73. Лекции по экономическому анализу
74. Курс лекций по истории Отечества - основа для докладов и выступлений
76. Лекції з української та зарубіжної культури
79. Лекции о норвежской литературе: Кнут Гамсун
Универсальная вкладка для дорожных горшков (зеленый). 
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Гель-концентрат для стирки деликатных тканей BioMio "Bio-sensitive" с экстрактом хлопка, без запаха, 1,5. 81. Лекции по маркетинговым исследованиям
82. Курс лекций по теории вероятностей
83. Лекции по Линейной алгебре
84. Лекции по линейной алгебре (МГИЕМ)
85. Лекции по матану (III семестр) переходящие в шпоры
90. Конспект лекций по кожным болезням
92. Литература - Топографическая анатомия (сборник лекций)
93. Цикл лекций Женщине о раке
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95. Лекции - Патофизиология (патофизиологич пищеварения)
96. Лекции - Педиатрия (Менингиты у детей)
Карандаши цветные "Jumbo", двухсторонние, 24 цвета. 
Набор ручек гелевых с блестками "Debut", 24 цвета. 
Глобус Зоогеографический, диаметр 250 мм. 97. Лекции - Педиатрия (патология роста у детей)
98. Лекции - Педиатрия (эшерихиозы, коли-инфекция)
99. Лекции - Терапия (Гемобласты и лейкозы)
100. Лекции - Терапия (Дифференциальный диагноз при шумах сердца)
