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Искусство, Культура, Литература
Литература, Лингвистика
Лекции Л. И. Городнего по лексикологии английского языка |
Semasiology Lear i g objec ives: Af er you have s udied he lec ure you should able o:1)defi e he erm semasiology; 2) speak abou he problem of defi i g he erm 3) explai he esse ce of a) he refere ial approach o he problem of defi i g he mea i g b) he fu c io al approach; 4)express your ow apprecia io of he problem u der a alysis. 5) give (draw) a basic ria gle (E.g.: he shop houses 15- o cra e; A aked co duc or ra alo g he car). he bru ch of lexicology, ha is devo ed o he s udy of mea i g is k ow as Semasiology. Semasiology (from Gr . semasia - &quo ;sig ifica io &quo ;) deals o wi h every ki d of li guis ic mea i g o ly. his does o mea ha we eed o pay a e io o he gramma ical mea i g. O he co rary, gramma ical mea i g mus be ake i o co sidera io i so far as i bears a specific i flue ce upo lexical mea i g. he mai objec s of semasiological s udy are as follows: sema ic developme of words, i s causes a d classifica io , releva dis i c ive fea ures a d ypes of lexical mea i g, polysemy a d sema ic s ruc ure of word, sema ic groupi gs a d co ec io s i he vocabulary sys em, i.e. sy o yms, a o yms, e c. Mea i g is o e of he mos co roversial erms i he heory of la guage. A exac defi i io of lexical mea i g becomes especially difficul due o complexi y of he process, by which la guage a d huma co seque ce serve o reflec ou ward reali y. Si ce here is o u iversally accep ed defi i io mea i g we shall give a brief survey of he problem as i is viewed i moder li guis ics. here are 2 approaches o he problem: 1) he refere ial approach, which formula es he esse ce of mea i g as he i erdepe de ce be wee words a d hi gs or co cep s hey de o e; 2) he fu c io al approach, which s udies he fu c io s of a word i speech. his approach is (some imes described as co ex ual) based o he a alysis of various co ex s. he esse ial fea ure of he firs approach is ha i dis i guishes be wee he hree compo e s, co ec ed wi h mea i g: 1) he sou d form of he li guis ic sig (sig or symbol); 2) he co cep u derlyi g his sou d form (mea i g; hough or refere ce). 3 ) he ac ual refere , i.e. he par or he aspec of reali y o which he li guis ic sig refers ( hi g mea ). he bes k ow refere ial model of mea i g is so-called &quo ;basic ria gle&quo ;, which may be represe i a simplified form: Co cep (mea i g, hough , refere ) Sou d formrefere ( hi g mea ) (sig , symbol) As we ca see from he diagram, he sou d form of he li guis ic sig , for i s a ce is co ec ed wi h our co cep of a small which i de o es, a d hough i wi h he refere , i.e. he ac ual hi g. he commo fea ure of he refere ial approach is he implaca io ha mea i g i some form or o her co ec ed wi h refere . Le us exami e he i errela io be wee : 1-Mea i g a d sou d form he sou d-form of he word is o ide ical wi h, i s mea i g amely is he sou d form, used o de o e a bed for a child here are i here co ec io s be wee his sou d form, used o de o e a bed for a child. here are i here co ec io s be wee his sou d form a d he mea i g of he word &quo ;co &quo ;, bu hey are co ve io al a d arbi rary. We may prove i by compari g he sou d-forms of differe la guages, co veyi g o e a d he same mea i g, cf.
E glish . O he co rary, he sou d-clus er i he E glish la guage is almos ide ical o he sou d form i Russia la guage possessi g he mea i g &quo ;male-ca &quo ;. 2-Mea i g a d co cep Whe we exami e a word, we see ha i s mea i g, hough co ec ed wi h he u derlyi g co cep is o ide ical wi h i . o begi wi h, co cep is a ca egory of huma cog i io . Co cep is he hough of he objec ha si gles ou i s esse ial fea ures. Our co cep s abs rac s a d reflec he mos commo a d ypical fea ures of he differe objec s a d phe ome a of he world. Bei g he resul of abs rac io he co cep s are hus almos he same for he whole of huma i y. he mea i gs of worlds, however, are differe i differe la guages. I o her words, words expressi g ide ical co cep s may have differe sema ic s ruc ures i differe la guages. he co cep of &quo ;a buildi g for huma habi a io ” is expressed i E glish by he word house, i Russia by he word дом, bu he mea i g of he E glish word is o ide ical wi h ha of he Russia as house does o possess he mea i g of &quo ;fixed reside ce of family or household&quo ;, which ha of he Russia as house does o possess he mea i g of he Russia word дом; i is expressed by a o her E glish word, amely home. he differe ce be wee mea i g a d co cep ca also be observed by compari g sy o ymous words a d word-groups expressi g he same co cep s, bu possessi g li guis ic mea i g, which is fel as differe i each of he u i s u der co sidera io s: Big - large; o die - o pass away - kick he bucke - joi he majori y; Child - baby-babe-i fa ; Daddy - fa her - gover or - e c. 3-Mea i g a d refere o dis i guish mea i g from he refere , i.e. from he hi g de o ed by he li guis ic sig is of he u mos impor a ce. o begi wi h, mea i g is a li guis ic phe ome o whereas he de o ed objec or he refere is beyo d he scope of la guage. We ca de o e o e a d he same objec by more ha o e word of a differe mea i g. For example, a apple ca be de o ed by he words apple, frui , sm h, his, e c. So far as all hese words have he same refere . hus mea i g is o o be ide ified wi h ei her of he hree poi s of he ria gle. I is closely co ec ed, bu o ide ical wi h sou d-form, co cep or refere . Ye eve he li guis s, who accep ed his view disagree as o he a ure of mea i g. Some of hem regard mea i g as he i errela io of he hree poi s he ria gle wi hi he framework of he give la guage, bu o as a objec ively exi i g par of he li guis ic sig . O hers a d amo g hem he ou s a di g Russia scholar Smir i sky A. I. u ders a d he li guis ic sig as a wo-face u i . hey view mea i g as &quo ;a cer ai reflec io i our mi d of objec s, phe ome a or rela io s ha makes par of he li guis ic sig - i s so called i er face , whereas he sou d-form fu c io s as i s ou er face &quo ; he ou er face of he li guis ic sig is i dispe sable o mea i g a d i ercommu ica io . Mea i g is o be fou d i all li guis ic u i s a d oge her wi h heir sou d-form co s i u es by li guis ic scie ce. he li guis ic sig s s udied by li guis ic scie ce. he grea s umbli g block i refere ial heories of mea i g has always bee ha hey opera e wi h subjec ive a d i a gible me al processes.
he resul s of he sema ic i ves iga io herefore depe d o a cer ai ex e o &quo ; he feeli g of la guage&quo ; a d ca o be verified by a o her i ves iga or a alyzi g he same li guis ic da a. So, semasiology has o rely oo much o li guis ic i ui io a d u like o her fields of li guis ics (pho e ics, his ory of la guage) does o posses objec ive me hods of i ves iga io . Fu c io al approach o Mea i g I rece years a ew a d e irely differe approach o mea i g has appeared i s ruc ural li guis ics. his approach mai ai s ha a li guis ic s udy of mea i g is he i ves iga io of he rela io of sig o sig o ly. I o her words, hey hold he view ha he mea i g of a li guis ic u i may be s udied o ly hrough i s rela io o o her li guis ic u i s a d o hrough i s rela io o ei her co cep or refere . hus, he mea i g of he 2 words move a d moveme is differe because hey fu c io i speech differe ly. Really, hey occupy differe posi io s i rela io o o her words. ( o) move ca be followed by a ou (move he chair), preceded by a pro ou (we move), e c. he posi io occupied by he word moveme is differe : i may be followed by a preposi io (moveme of sm h) preceded by a adjec ive (slow moveme ) a d so o . As he dis ribu io (&quo ; he posi io of a li guis ic sig i rela io o o her li guis ic sig s) of he 2 words is differe hey co e o he co clusio ha o o ly hey belo g o differe classes of words, bu ha ha o o ly mea i gs are differe oo. I follows ha i he fu c io al approach mea i g may be viewed as he fu c io of dis ribu io : 1) sema ic i ves iga io is co fi ed o he a alysis of he differe or same ess mea i g; 2)mea i g is u ders ood esse ially as he fu c io or he use of li guis ic sig s.Rela io be wee he 2 approaches Whe compari g he wo approaches i erms of me hods of li guis ic a alysis, we may see ha he fu c io al approach should o be co sidered a al er a ive, bu ra her a valuable compleme o he refere ial heory. I is o ly a ural ha li guis ic i ves iga io mus s ar by collec i g a adequa e umber of samples of co ex . O ce his phase had bee comple ed, i seems bu logical, o pass o o he refere ial phase a d ry o formula e he mea i g hus ide ified. here is absolu ely o eed o se he wo approaches agai s each o her; each ha dles - i s is side of he problem a d ei her is comple e wi hou he o her. he mea i g of he word, i s compo e s he word is o e of he fu dame al u i s of la guage. I is a dialec al u i y of form a d co e . I s co e or mea i g is o ide ical o o io , bu i may reflec huma o io , bu i may reflec huma o io a d is co sidered as he form of heir exis e ce. So he defi i io of a word is o e of he mos difficul i li guis ics, because he simples word has ma y differe aspec s: a sou d form, i s morphological s ruc ure, i may occur i differe word-forms a d have various mea i gs. I is u iversally recog ized ha word mea i g is o homoge eous, bu i is made up of various compo e s, which are described as ypes of mea i g. here are 2 ypes of mea i g o be fou d i words a d word forms: he gramma ical mea i g; he lexical mea i g. Such word forms as “girls”, “wri ers”, “ ables”, e c.,
Этот человек невеpоятным обpазом вовлекал в активнyю pаботy людей самого pазличного ypовня, темпеpамента, амбиций и даже таких бyзотёpов, как мyзыканты джаз клyба. Стyденты политехнического стаpались не подвести своего пpеподавателя: Влад Лихачёв дyша танцевального коллектива, активный оpганизатоp меpопpиятий джаз клyба; в 70-х этот опыт пpигодился емy в Москве пpи оpганизации незабываемых выстyплений кваpтета Алексея Козлова в кафе "Печоpа", создании пеpвого в Москве джаз-pок клyба в подвале на yлице Алабяна; Геннадий Шакин пpофессиональный фотогpаф, запечатлевший всю истоpию "Россиянки", создавший массy хyдожественных фотогpафий по джазовой тематике и yникальный в своём pоде знаменитый слайд-фильм о Владимиpе Высоцком. Пpавая pyка Эдyаpда Гольника - pадиоинженеp, член Совета Кафе, Пpезидент воpонежского джаз клyба Юpий Веpменич - известная фигypа джазовом миpе стpаны. Его бесчисленные пеpеводы с английского языка специальной джазовой литеpатypы, лекции по данной тематике многим оказали неоценимyю помощь во вpемя инфоpмационного голода
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