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ñäåëàòü ñòàðòîâîé | äîáàâèòü â èçáðàííîå |
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The City of London and its role as a financial centre |
Ãîðøîê òîðôÿíîé äëÿ öâåòîâ. 
Êàðàáèí, 6x60 ìì. 
Êîâðèê äëÿ çàïåêàíèÿ, ñèëèêîíîâûé "Ïåêàðü". Òhe ci y of Lo do a d i s role as a fi a cial ce er Chap er 1. I roduc io . he Co cep of he Ci y of Lo do . Bri ai is a major fi a cial ce re providi g a wide ra ge of specialised services. he cou ry’s eco omy has for a lo g ime bee direc ed hrough he grea fi a cial i s i u io s which oge her are k ow as “ he Ci y”, capi al “C”, a d which are mai ly loca ed i he famous “Square Mile” of he Ci y of Lo do . he “Square Mile” i he Roma imes his orically emerged o he hames as he busi ess a d i dus rial ucleus of he fu ure Lo do . hrough ce uries of busi ess a d religious developme s he Ci y assumed i s role of he world commercial ce re as i is k ow oday . Whe i he 20 h ce ury Grea Bri ai los i s empire a d o her fi a cial ce res go es ablished i he world, he ci y adap ed i self o cha ged circums a ces o remai a world fi a cial leader. he Ci y of Lo do has he grea es co ce ra io of ba ks i he world (respo sible for abou a quar er of o al i er a io al ba k le di g) , he world’ s bigges i sura ce marke (wi h abou 1/5 of he i er a io al marke ), a S ock Excha ge wi h a larger lis i g of securi ies ha a y o her excha ge, a d i remai s he pri cipal i er a io al ce re for ra sac io s i a large umber of commodi ies. A large propor io of Bri ai ’s weal h has bee i ves ed by he Ci y overseas. he Ci y’s a ual foreig i come roughly double ha of he Bri ish ma ufac uri g i dus ries. he above proves he Ci y’s world sig ifica ce as a fi a cial ce re. Geographically he Ci y is a large office area bubbli g wi h life a day ime a d comfor ably quie ou side he office hours. I ’s his orical sigh s like he ower of Lo do , S Paul’s Ca hedral, he Museum of Lo do , he Mo ume a d o hers as well as he beau ifully impressive archi ec ure of he office buildi gs a rac crowds of visi ors. he o ly housi g projec , he Barbica , provides very expe sive accommoda io alo g wi h a ar s ce re, a school a d some official premises.Si ce af er he mid - 80s fi a cial a d rela ed services have s ar ed o expa d ou side he “Square Mile” hough he Ci y of Lo do remai s he symbol a d ac ual reali y of he cou ry’s power. C h a p e r 2 Bri ai ’s Eco omic a d Fi a cial Posi io oday a Home a d Abroad. Fi a ce a d i dus ry of he Bri ish eco omy go ha d i ha d as i dus ry requires a diversified e work of fi a cial i s i u io s o develop successfully. Al hough Bri ai ’s fi a cial power oday exceeds ha of he cou ry’s i dus rial achieveme , he cou ry was for years “ he workshop of he world”. I s ill remai s a highly i dus rialised cou ry bu he e d of he 20 h ce ury saw e de cies for he eco omic decli e.His orically, af er wo world wars a d he loss of i s empire Bri ai fou d i i creasi gly difficul o mai ai i s leadi g posi io i Europe. he growi g compe i io from he U i ed S a es a d la er Japa aggrava ed he cou ry’s posi io .Bri ai s ruggled o fi d a bala ce be wee he gover me s i erve io i he eco omy a d almos comple ely free-marke eco omy of he U i ed S a es. he heories of he grea Bri ish pre-war eco omis J. M. Key es s a ed ha capi alis socie y could o ly survive if he gover me co rolled, ma aged a d eve pla ed much of i s eco omy.
hese ideas failed o ge Bri ai ou of he image of a cou ry wi h quie marke ow s li ked by s eam rai s puffi g slowly hrough gree meadows. Arrival of Margare ha cher, he Co serva ive prime-mi is er i office be wee 1979 a d 1990, discarded hese heories as comple ely wro g. Mrs. ha cher claimed ha all co rols a d regula io s of he eco omy should be removed a d a marke eco omy should recover. Her arge s were a io alised i dus ries. She refused o assis he s ruggli g e erprises of he coal a d s eal i dus ries which were slimmed dow i order o improve heir efficie cy. I he s eel i dus ry, for example, he workspace was reduced from 130000 people o 50000 by 1990s a d he produc io of 1 o of s eel by 1990 ook o ly 3,7 ma hours i s ead of 12 ma hours i 1980. he gover me believed ha priva isa io would i crease efficie cy a d eco omic freedom would e courage priva e i i ia ive. A lo of big publicly ow ed produc io a d service compa ies such as Bri ish elecommu ica io s, Bri ish Gas, Bri ish Airways, Rolls Royce a d eve Bri ish regio al Wa er Au hori ies were sold i o priva e ha ds. Bri ai bega o ur i o a cou ry of shareholders. Be wee 1979 a d 1992 he propor io of he popula io ow i g shares i creased from 7 % o 24%. he Co serva ive gover me reduced he i come ax from 33% o 25% as a i ce ive i produc io . his did o lead o a y loss of reve ue, si ce a he lower ra es fewer people ried o avoid ax. A he same ime he gover me doubled he VA o goods a d services o 15%. oday i is 17%.Small busi ess bega o i crease rapidly. I 1984 for example here was a o al of 1.4 millio small busi ess hough i cludi g “ he black eco omy” he figure was earer o millio . Propor io a ely, however, here were 50% more of hem i Wes Germa y a d he U i ed S a es a d abou wice more i Fra ce a d Japa .Ma y small busi esses fail o survive mai ly as a resul of poor ma ageme a d also because compared wi h o her Europea Commu i y Bri ai offers he leas e couragi g co di io s. Bu small busi esses are impor a because hey ca grow i o big o es a d because hey provide over half of he ew jobs. I is par icularly impor a because u employme i Grea Bri ai rose o early 2.5 millio people a d a lo of jobs are par - ime.E ergy is a major compo e of he eco omy, which depe ded mai ly o coal produc io u il 1975, bega o rely o oil a d gas discoveries i he or h sea. Coal s ill remai s he si gle mos impor a source of e ergy, i spi e of i s rela ive decli e as a i dus ry, so oil a d coal each accou for abou o e hird of o al e ergy co sump io i Bri ai . Over a umber of years Bri ish policy makers promo ed he idea of e ergy comi g of differe sources. O e of hem was uclear e ergy as a clea a d safe solu io o e ergy eeds. I fac Bri ai co s ruc ed he world’s firs large scale uclear pla i 1956. However, here were a lo of public worries af er he US disas er a hree Miles Isla d a d he Sovie disas er i Cher obyl. Also uclear research a d safe ech ology is proved o be very expe sive - by 1990 he real commercial cos of uclear pla was wice as high ha of a coal power s a io . Re ewable e ergy sources such as wi d or solar e ergy, are pla ed o provide 1% of he a io al e ergy requireme s i he year 2000.R
esearch a d developme (R&D) i Bri ai are Mai ly direc ed owards immedia e prac ical problems. I fac Bri ish compa ies spe d less o R&D ha a y Europea compe i ors. A he e d of he 1980’s, for example 71% of Germa compa ies were spe di g more ha 5% of heir a ual reve ue o R & D compared wi h o ly 28% of Bri ish compa ies. As a resul Bri ai has bee au oma i g more slowly ha her rivals. I fac i may be he co seque ce of Margare ha cher’s views o public spe di g which i cludes medical service, social spe di g, educa io a d R&D. “ he Iro lady” argued ha “if our objec ive is o have a prosperous a d expa di g eco omy, we mus recog ise ha high public spe di g kills grow h of i dus ry”, as mo ey is ake from he produc ive sec or (i dus ry) o be ra sferred o u produc ive par of i . As a resul i he 80’s o ly 6% of Bri ai ’s labour had a u iversi y degree agai s 18% i America, 13% i Japa a d 10% i Germa y. ech ical educa io has always bee compared wi h Bri ai ’s major compe i ors. Accordi g o gover me s udy “ mecha ical e gi eeri g is low a d produc io e gi eers are regarded as he Ci derella of he professio ”. Very few school leavers received voca io al rai i g. Si ce 1980’s amo g u iversi y gradua es he e de cy has bee o go from he civil service o mercha ba ki g, ra her ha i dus ry. A d accordi g o a alys s resul ed from he lo g-s a di g cul ural roo s. Public school leavers co sidered hemselves “ge leme ” oo lo g o adjus fas o he cha ges of ime. Effor s are ow ake by he labour gover me o boos ech ical a d e erprise skills i schools. he 1999 Pre-budge repor ou li ed a 10 millio pou ds for he purpose.Despi e he favourable effec of “ ha cherism” Bri ai ’s eco omic problems i he 1990s seemed o be difficul . Ma ufac uri g was more efficie bu Bri ai ’s bala ce of payme s was u heal hy, impor s of ma ufac uri g goods rose by 40%, a d Bri ish expor s could hardly compe e wi h hose of i s compe i ors. Car workers i Germa y, for i s a ce, could produce a Ford Escor i help he ime ake i Bri ai . I he 90’s amo g he Europea cou ries Bri ish average a ual produc ivi y per worker ook he 6 h place. he reve ue sof e ed he social problems bu dis rac ed Bri ai from i ves i g more i o i dus ry. Ma y a alys s hough ha much more should have bee i ves ed i o e gi eeri g produc io , ma agerial a d marke i g before he or h Sea oil decli ed. he Labour gover me u der akes o improve he si ua io . I his Pre- budge repor o 9 ovember 1999 he Cha cellor of he Exchequer Gordo Brow se ou ew eco omic ambi io s for he ex decade. U der hem Bri ai will raise i s produc ivi y fas er ha i s compe i ors o close he produc ivi y gap a d a majori y of Bri ai ’s school a d college leavers will go o o higher educa io .I he 80s Bri ish compa ies i ves ed heavily abroad while foreig i ves me s i Bri ai i creased oo. oday i a speech i okyo o 6 Sep ember1999 he Foreig Secre ary Robi Cook said ha “Bri ai is a chose cou ry for more i ves me from Japa ha a ywhere else i Europe a d more ha housa d compa ies opera e i he U. K.”Mr. Cook added ha he huge Europea Marke of 370 millio people was “ he larges si gle marke i he world, a marke ha is se o expa d eve fur her wi h he arrival of ew member s a es”.
The land donated to them in the West since Hugues de Payen’s visit of 1127–29 formed the basis of the Order’s wealth. As Malcolm Barber has noted, ‘without an extensive network of support in the West, the Templars would have vanished with the first major defeat they suffered’.10 This network took the form of their European preceptories, which were initially acquired through the extensive programme of donations that transpired during and after Hugues de Payen’s tour. Ordinarily, a Templar preceptory would be an estate (a farm or a manor, for instance) that would then develop a network of daughter houses around it. All the revenues from both the mother and daughter houses would be directed towards campaigning in the East. A tax, known as the responsion, was raised, whereby one-third of all revenues collected from a Templar house in the West was to be used to support the Order’s work in the Holy Land. These Western houses were generally established in all the main cities, financial centres and ports of Europe
4. The Participation of American and British Youth in Political Life of Their Countries.
5. The face of every city is different. Washington D.C.
9. The development of computers in ukraine and the former USSR
11. The Restoration and After: The Tower and the Office of Ordnance
12. The notion of the agreement of the purchase and sale According to art
13. Bilateral relations between countries and the complexity of newspaper editorials
14. Formation and development of political parties in the Republic of Belarus
15. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and the labor movement (the beginning of the twentieth century)
Ïàïêà äëÿ òðóäà "Ñïîðòèâíîå àâòî", 325õ245 ìì. 
Ìàøèíêà äåòñêàÿ ñ ïîëèóðåòàíîâûìè êîëåñàìè "Áèáèêàð ñïîðò", êðàñíûé. 
Ïëàíøåòèê "Êòî ñàìûé óìíûé?". 17. Speeches workers Grodno province in 1905-1907 and the emergence of trade unionism
18. The effect of light intensity on the amount of chlorophyll in “Cicer arietinum”
19. Ðîëü ÑÌÈ â ñîâðåìåííîì ìèðå (The mass media in the life of Society)
20. On the problem of crystal metallic lattice in the densest packings of chemical elements
21. Áàøíÿ Ëîíäîíà (Tower of London)
25. Îñîáåííîñòè âåäåíèÿ áèçíåñà â Êèòàå (The peculiarities of marketing strategy development in China)
27. The profile of an effective manager
29. The Consequences of the Soviet-Afghan War
30. The Influence of English Mass Culture on Estonia
31. The Influence of English Mass Culture on Estonia
32. Äèíàñòèÿ Òþäîðîâ (essay the house of Tudor)
Èìåííàÿ êðóæêà ñ íàäïèñüþ "Àëåêñàíäð". 
Êîëÿñêà-òðîñòü Everflo "Simple pink". 
Ñòèðàëüíûé ïîðîøîê Attack "BioEX", êîíöåíòðèðîâàííûé, 0,9 êã. 34. The Consequences of the Soviet-Afghan War
35. Geometrization of the Fundamentals of Chemistry
36. The profile of an effective manager
37. Ìàëüòèéñêèé åâðåé (The Jew of Malta)
43. The 8th of March
44. The protection of the environment
45. Period of lithuanian and polish rule (1360-1599)
46. The commonwealth of Australia
47. The Commonwealth of Australia
48. Zaporozhye: The city in which I live
Îðãàíè÷åñêèé ñîëíöåçàùèòíûé êðåì Mommy care äëÿ òåëà, 100 ìë, àðò. MC_1115. 
Ãèðëÿíäà ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ, 1200 ñì (áåëàÿ). 
Áóìàãà êðàôò, áåç ïå÷àòè (10 ëèñòîâ). 49. The Doctrine of the "Mysterious Female" in Taoism
51. Why was Washington made the capital of the United States?
53. Bosch, Hieronymus: The Temptation of St Anthony
57. The system of english tenses
58. The Future of American Youths
59. The Feather of Finist the Falcon
60. Is the nature of quantum chaos classical?
61. On a decomposition of an element of a free metabelian group as a productof primitive elements
63. The Concept of Youth Subcultures
64. The development of the Tower
Ñìåííàÿ êàññåòà "Áàðüåð 6", äëÿ æåñòêîé âîäû, äëÿ âñåõ òèïîâ ôèëüòðîâ "Áàðüåð". 
Çàùèòà "Êàðàïóç" äëÿ àâòîìîáèëüíîãî êðåñëà îò äåòñêèõ íîæåê, ñ êàðìàíàìè. 
Íàáîð ìåáåëè äëÿ êàìèííîé êîìíàòû "Êîëëåêöèÿ". 65. The Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions
67. Economy of the Republic of Ireland
68. The improvement of work on the rhythm in the classes of english on the materials of limericks
69. Summary on the subject: Gender Issues and Hopewell Culture
73. Internal diagnostics company, identification of strengths and weaknesses
75. Oscar Wilde "The picture of Dorian Gray"
76. Stylistic analysis of the part of the novel "Rebecca" by Daphne Du Maurier
77. The development of sustainable tourism in Turkey
78. The explaining of the meaning of neologism
79. The history of grammar theory
Ëîòîê âåðòèêàëüíûé, 3 îòäåëåíèÿ, ÷åðíûé. 
Ïåíàë øêîëüíûé "Pixie Crew" ñ ñèëèêîíîâîé ïàíåëüþ äëÿ êàðòèíîê (öâåòíàÿ êëåòêà). 
Ïîäàðî÷íûé íàáîð, 21x16x4 ñì, àðò. 140304. 81. The marking of the Russian Revolution
82. The origins of the International Socialists
83. The people must fight for their laws as for their walls
84. The place of “Macbeth” among Shakespeare’s tragedies
85. The problems of oral translation
89. The Architecture of Ancient Rome
90. The Radicalism of the American Revolution
91. Great Britain: the Land of Traditions
92. The Killing of Percy Casserley
93. The Clash of Civilizations
94. Market and its Functioning
Êîëüöåäåðæàòåëü "Äåðåâî ñ îëåíåì", ìàëûé, ÷åðíûé. 
Áàíêà äëÿ ñûïó÷èõ ïðîäóêòîâ "Öâåòîâíàÿ ïîýìà" êâàäðàòíàÿ, 800 ìë. 
12 öâåòíûõ ôëîìàñòåðîâ äëÿ ìàëûøåé. 97. London city - Capital of the United Kingdom
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99. The role of art in our life
