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The history of Australia |
Ручка "Шприц", желтая. 
Ночник-проектор "Звездное небо и планеты", фиолетовый. Реферат на тему: “ he his ory of Aus ralia” Работу выполнила студентка Института Молодежи группы МО- 102 Москва 1999 г. Co e s Ge eral i forma io abou Aus ralia 3 a io al a hem, flag a d he coa -of-arms 3 erra I cog i a (U k ow la d) .4 Firs Europea se leme .4 Crea io of he Commo weal h of Aus ralia 5 ew crow colo ies .5 Aus ralia’s ies wi h Grea Bri ai a d he USA. 6 Li era ure .8 Ge eral I forma io abou Aus ralia Aus ralia is si ua ed i he sou h-wes of he Pacific Ocea . he area of his cou ry is 7,7 millio square kilome res. he popula io of he cou ry is abou 20 millio people. he capi al is Ca berra. he popula io of Ca berra is abou 300 housa d people. Official la guage is E glish. Aus ralia is he larges isla d i he world a d i is he smalles co i e . he Commo weal h of Aus ralia is a self-gover i g federal s a e. I has go 6 s a es: ew Sou h Wales, Vic oria, Quee sla d, Sou h Aus ralia, asma ia a d 2 i er al erri ories. a io al A hem, Flag a d he Coa -of-Arms Aus ralia a io al flag co sis s of 5 whi e s ars of he Sou her Cross a d he whi e Commo weal h s ar ( he large seve poi ed s ar) o a blue backgrou d wi h a U io Jack i ca o . he Sou her Cross is he sou her Crux, whose four chief s ars are i he form of cross. he flag of Aus ralia is he o ly o e o fly over a whole co i e . he small U io Jack represe s he his orical li k wi h Bri ai , a d he large seve -poi ed s ar represe s he six s a es a d he erri ories, a d he small s ars form he Sou her Cross – a promi e fea ure of he sou her hemisphere igh sky. A dis i c ive Aus ralia flora a d fau a is reflec ed i he cou ry’s coa -of-arms by he symbols of Aus ralia’s e demic a imals; ka garoo a d emu a d wig of wa le (a ki d of acacia). Aus ralia officially adop ed gree a d gold as i s a io al colours i 1984. he Aus ralia a io al a hem was adop ed i he 1970 ies. I is used o he all official a d ceremo ial occasio s. erra I cog i a (U k ow La d) I is supposed ha Aus ralia’s a ive i habi a s, he Aborigi es, arrived i Aus ralia a leas 40,000 years ago. he firs Europea s visi ed he shores of Aus ralia i 1606. he Spa ish ship of Luis Vaes de orres sailed hrough he s rai which ow bears his ame a d separa es Aus ralia a d Papua ew Gui ea. I he same year he Du ch ship Duyfke (Li le Dove) sailed i o he Gulf of Carpe aria. Amo g la er voyagers is Dirk Har og (1616), who lef a i scribed pew er pla e (Aus ralia’s mos famous early Europea relic, ow i Ams erdam) i Wes er Aus ralia. Abel asma , Du ch aviga or, visi ed asma ia, which he amed Va Dieme ’s La d, i 1642. he firs E glishma o visi he co i e was a bucca eer, William Dampier, who la ded ear Ki g Sou d o he or hwes coas i 1699. A seco d wave of immigra io bega i 1770, whe Cap ai James Cook, of he Bri ish avy, sigh ed he eas coas of he co i e . Cook had bee se o ahi i o make as ro omical observa io s a d whe his missio was comple ed, he sailed sou h i E deavour, circum aviga ed ew Zeala d a d headed due wes . O April 20, 1770, Cook sigh ed la d ear Cape Everard, i he sou heas cor er of Aus ralia. He ur ed or h, char i g he coas li e as he we a d, 9 days la er, la ded a Bo a y Bay, which he amed for he varie y of bo a ic specime fou d here.
He raised he Bri ish flag a d claimed ew Sou h Wales as a Bri ish Colo y. Firs Europea Se leme I is probably due o i s geographical posi io ha Aus ralia was he las co i e o be i habi ed by he whi e ma . I was jus a li le over 390 years ha he Aus ralia co i e was discovered. he firs la di g by Europea s ook place i 1606. More ha a ce ury a d a half la er a expedi io headed by he Bri ish explorer James Cook added he la d o he possessio s of he Bri ish crow . U il he ame “Aus ralia” (mea i g “Sou h La d”) became ge erally accep ed for he co i e , i had bee referred o as ew Holla d, ew Sou h Wales, or Bo a y Bay. Duri g he War of I depe de ce (1776) he former Bri ish colo ies i America declared hemselves i depe de . Bri ai ried o make up for his loss by he seizure of ew erri ories. Besides, he co vic s could o lo ger be ra spor ed o he America colo ies (which had served his purpose for over hu dred years) a d Bri ish jails were more ha badly overcrowded. he firs co i ge of he co vic s a d heir guards la ded where Syd ey s a ds oday, o Ja uary 26, 1788. I was he so-called “Firs Flee ” a d hese people were called “firs flee ers” ow, Aus ralia Day, Ja uary 26, commemora es he la di g. Gradually more a d more people arrived ( hey were co vic s as well as free se lers) a d a umber of se leme s were fou ded alo g he sou her a d eas er coas s. For he firs few years, he colo is s were almos e irely depe de o food supplies from overseas bu gradually he la d arou d he se leme s was brough u der cul iva io . Soils were ge erally poor a d crop yields low, bu be er agricul ural la d was soo fou d ear Parrama a, o he wes . Explora ory voyages were also made alo g he eas coas . he boldes was ha of Cap ai Ma hew Fli ders who, i 1802-1803 circum aviga ed he co i e . Aus ralia Day is a very impor a holiday for he Aus ralia s, a o her equally impor a holiday is called A zac Day. Crea io of he Commo weal h of Aus ralia I 1901 he separa e colo ies i Aus ralia merged oge her a d became he S a es of he Commo weal h of Aus ralia, which acquired he s a us of domi io of Grea Bri ai . he Commo weal h of Aus ralia – a federa io of he 6 former colo ies as s a es – was declared o come i o bei g o Ja uary 1, 1901. he firs Gover or – Ge eral, he Earl of Hope ou , co ve ed he firs Parliame of he Commo weal h of Aus ralia o April 29, 1901. I was ope ed i Melbour e o May 9 by Duke of Cor wall a d York, so of Ki g Edward VII. Sir Edmu d Bar o was he firs Prime Mi is er. he co s i u io provided for Federal Parliame o si i Melbour e u il a federal capi al erri ory was selec ed a d es ablished. he prese Aus ralia Capi al erri ory was ceded from ew Sou h Wales o become federal erri ory i 1911, a d he fu ure capi al was amed Ca berra i 1913. he firs Federal Parliame o mee i Ca berra was ope ed by he Duke of York, la er Ki g George VI, o May 9, 1927. hough Aus ralia ow is a i depe de s a e, accordi g o he Co s i u io he head of he s a e is he Mo arch of Grea Bri ai , represe ed by he Gover or-Ge eral. His du ies i clude asse i g o bills, ope i g, prorogui g a d dissolvi g Parliame a d commissio i g he Prime Mi is er o form a gover me .
Gover or-Ge eral’s reside ce Jarralumla is i Ca berra. he Commo weal h of Aus ralia is composed of 6 s a es a d 2 erri ories: he S a e of ew Sou h Wales wi h i s capi al i Syd ey, he S a e of Vic oria wi h i s capi al i Melbour e, he S a e of Quee la d wi h i s capi al i Brisba e, he Sa e of Wes er Aus ralia wi h i s capi al i Per h, he S a e of asma ia wi h i s capi al i Hobar , Aus ralia Capi al erri ory wi h i s Federal Capi al i Ca berra, a d or her erri ory wi h i s capi al i Darwi . ew Crow Colo ies Grea Bri ai was o he verge of loosi g 13 rebellious America Colo ies i 1770. A ha ime Cap ai James Cook who led a scie ific voyager pla ed he Bri ish e sig o a co i e ha would soo provide a vas ew colo y: Aus ralia. he will o es ablish ew crow colo ies was i sis e eve before he old o es mere los . he Parliame deba ed he si e as early as 1779. O ly 18 years af er Cap ai James Cook had la ded i Bo a y Bay, Cap ai Ar hur Philip arrived i Syd ey Cove o begi he firs se leme . I ma y ways, America a d Aus ralia have had correspo di g his ories of explora io , colo iza io , immigra io , a d grow h. Bo h bega wi h se leme s o he fri ges of huge co i e s, gradually pushi g i ward o cul iva e a wilder ess i erior. A d bo h developed a fro ier e hos of i depe de ce. As he co vic s ear ed heir freedom, hey we i o he ou back a d s aked claims o la d. hese me , k ow as Squa ers, raised sheep or ca le, depe di g o he ype of la d hey fou d for hemselves. O her co vic s however rever ed o heir crimi al ways a d became ou laws, raidi g he ow s a d s eali g from he squa ers. he early par of Aus ralia his ory is filled wi h he ales of he se lers. hese bushra gers of e became folk-heroes i he radi io of Robi Hood a d Dick urpi i E gla d, a d Jesse James i he U i ed S a es. Ma y poems a d so gs were wri e abou hem a d a o e ime i was a crimi al offe ce o si g or reci e hese ballads which glorified crime. o e heless, every Aus ralia oday k ows he s ories of he famous bushra gers. hese ballads a d so gs s ar ed he radi io of Aus ralia “yar ” a d i s heroes, Dad’s Dave amo g hem. he hard rough life i he ou back was o place for wome . he Squa ers searched he ow s for wives o ake o heir s a io s. I was ’ very pleasa prospec for a ew bride, bu some girls were lucky e ough o u der ake he adve ure. he image of a ypical Aus ralia was a all, hi a d blo d ma who was called a “Cor s alk”, some imes weari g a cabbage ree ha . Aus ralia s celebra ed heir bice e ial begi i g Ja . 26, 1988 a d co i ui g all ex year. O ha da e i 1788, 11 ships arrived from Bri ai , a d 1.030 se lers, i cludi g 776 co vic s, bega heir ew life i wa erfro sec io of Syd ey called “ he Rocks”. Aus ralia’s ies Wi h Grea Bri ai A d he USA I i ially, Bri ai a d he Commo weal h cou ries were he ce ral eleme s of Aus ralia’s foreig policy a d ac ivi y. La er, closer rela io s were also developed wi h he USA, par ly because of he vi al role i played i he Pacific duri g a d af er World War II. Aus ralia ca seem qui e Bri ish a imes a d somewha America a o hers. Poli ical, legal, a d educa io al i s i u io s derive from Bri ai .
That makes it the leading cause of history's broadest pattern. But why were Eurasians, rather than Native Americans or sub-Saharan Africans, the ones to invent firearms, oceangoing ships, and steel equipment? The differences extend to most other significant technological advances, from printing presses to glass and steam engines. Why were all those inventions Eurasian? Why were all New Guineans and Native Australians in a.d. 1800 still using stone tools like ones discarded thousands of years ago in Eurasia and most of Africa, even though some of the world's richest copper and iron deposits are in New Guinea and Australia, respectively? All those facts explain why so many laypeople assume that Eurasians are superior to other peoples in inventiveness and intelligence. If, on the other hand, no such difference in human neurobiology exists to account for continental differences in technological development, what does account for them? An alternative view rests on the heroic theory of invention. Technological advances seem to come disproportionately from a few very rare geniuses, such as Johannes Gutenberg, James Watt, Thomas Edison, and the Wright brothers
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