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The Participation of American and British Youth in Political Life of Their Countries. |
Êðþ÷êè ñ ïîâîäêàìè Mikado SSH Fudo "SB Chinu", ¹4BN, ïîâîäîê 0,22 ìì. 
Ôîíàðü æåëàíèé áóìàæíûé, îðàíæåâûé. 
Çàáàâíàÿ ïà÷êà äåíåã "100 äîëëàðîâ". Essay i Cul ural S udies he Par icipa io of America a d Bri ish You h i Poli ical Life of heir Cou ries. Mi sk 2008 Co e 1. I roduc io 3 2. Poli ical apa hy amo g he you h 4 3. Par icipa io i preside ial a d parliame ary elec io s 7 4. Co clusio 15 5. Refere ces 16 I roduc io Poli ics is a i egral par of our life. A d i really does ’ ma er whe her you are a poli icia by professio or a plumber who is far from world of poli ics. Ac ually you may o be i eres ed i poli ics bu poli ics s ill will be i eres ed i you. he fac is ha every perso above 18 years old bo h i our cou ry a d i Grea Bri ai a d he USA from he poli icia ’s poi of view is regarded as a vo er, his po e ial suppor er. ha ’s why he par icipa io of all he people of he cou ry is so esse ial a d of grea impor a ce for poli icia s. U for u a ely for hem he la es public opi io polls showed poli ical apa hy amo g he you g people. he sociologis s say ha he you h is simply o i eres ed i poli ical life of heir cou ry. he aim of my work was o fi d ou he reaso s for such apa he ic a i ude. Besides ha I ried o compare he si ua io i Grea Bri ai a d he USA i order o fi d ou whe her his e de cy is ge eral for all moder you g people. While worki g o his opic I’ve a alysed he resul s of several public opi io polls made i Bri ai a d he USA, a lo of ewspaper ar icles, ews ar icles o he web-si es of BBC a d C a d he comme s of he you g people judgi g his problem. I’ve fou d ou ha he si ua io is o so simple a d o so defi i e as i seemed o me i he very begi i g. Poli ical apa hy amo g he you h Duri g he elec io campaig poli icia s mobilize all heir forces a d possibili ies. hey are really figh i g for vo ers. Accordi g o he co s i u io s of he USA, accordi g o he Bri ish law as well, all ci ize s of bo h sexes over 18 years of age have a righ of vo i g. Bu i reali y o all he people exercise his lawful righ . he surveys show ha he major par of hose who do ’ vo e is he people from 18 o 25. ha ’s why i ’s so impor a for poli icia s o provoke i eres o poli ics amo g he you h. he rece research co firms poli ical apa hy or a se se of poli ical alie a io amo g he you g, i says ha hey are o i eres ed i poli ics, do ’ wa o par icipa e i poli ical life a d do ' bo her abou a y poli ical problems of heir cou ry. o moder you hs, poli ics a d s a esma ship are hi gs bes lef o he ge era io ahead or behi d, or o professio al poli icia s a d he ewspapers. Co ve io al media wisdom i sis s you g people are simply o i eres ed i poli ics. Popular images of you h — causi g mayhem, lacki g discipli e, escapi g respo sibili ies — sugges you g people are far oo busy o e gage wi h poli ics. O e of he surveys a alyzed he major i eres s a d leisure ac ivi ies of oday’s America you h. hese are he resul s: 99%: elevisio 98% Music 89% Compu ers 4%: Poli ics aki g i o co sidera io hese fac s we ca ’ bu agree ha he you h do ’ rea poli ics seriously. he lack of i eres is ra her obvious, bu i ’s o as simple as i seems o be. he &quo ;apa he ic you h of oday&quo ; headli es are a domi a media frame used o explai widespread poli ical dise gageme a d decli i g levels of vo i g.
o y Bresli , head of he Ci ize ship Fou da io which promo es par icipa io i Bri ish life, ried o comme o hese resul s. He has a differe poi of view ha he above me io ed. He said he survey deal wi h o e of he mos freque false assump io s abou he you g - ha hey do ' care. &quo ;We ake his lack of i eres i poli ics as a lack of i eres i socie y,&quo ; said Mr Bresli . &quo ;Bu wha we e d o fi d is ha you g people lack a i eres i a group of poli ical i s i u io s because hey ca ' see heir releva ce. &quo ;Research shows here's a real defici i k owledge amo g he you g of he poli ical sys em - bu here's a real i eres i si gle issues. his does ' always work hrough o radi io al poli ical cha els.&quo ; Mr Bresli said gover me ambi io s o reco ec you h o i s i u io s eeded far more ha he lip service of he pas - bu he rece i roduc io of ci ize ship o he a io al curriculum was a good s ar . You have o u ders a d he sys em o be able o u ders a d he ews i he firs place. A perso ca fi d ou a fair amou from wha his pare s, bu wha abou he people whose pare s do ' u ders a d i , because heir pare s did ' ei her? he Duke of Edi burgh Award Scheme has published he resul s of i s a io wide survey of you h opi io o help fi d ou wha our fu ure adul s do, say, hi k a d wa . he resul s sugges here is a level of frus ra io amo g ma y of he you g a d a degree of fear for heir ow securi y i a world where all oo of e hey are he o es blamed whe hi gs go wro g. O e of he major hemes emergi g from he research is frus ra io wi h poli ical i s i u io s a d au hori ies. More ha half recog ised he way he cou ry ru s affec s he quali y of heir lives - bu 68% believed he gover me does o lis e o you g people. hree quar ers said i was difficul o make heir views k ow . O ly half of hose i he survey said hey u ders ood how he cou ry is ru , he figure falli g fur her amo g hose from poorer backgrou ds. “You have o u ders a d he sys em o be able o u ders a d he ews i he firs place. Perhaps a regular ar icle or a u orial-like websi e wi h 'begi ers poli ics' is wha we eed?” (Hele Hogg, 17, E gla d) &quo ;Wha we see amo g you g people is ha if hey ge i volved locally i a issue a d if hey are lis e ed o a d share i aki g decisio s, he ha se se of i volveme grows from he local o he a io al,&quo ; said S eve Sharp. &quo ;Bu we have o remember ha he gover me ca ' ell people o be more i eres ed i poli ics, i does ' work ha way.&quo ; Par icipa io i preside ial a d parliame ary elec io s If we wa o fi d ou he ra e of ac ivi y of people i poli ical life of a cou ry we ca look a he umber of vo ers who ake par i parliame ary a d preside ial elec io s. I will be he righ i dica or of ac ivi y. Accordi g o he Bri ish Elec io Survey, o ly 52% of he u der 24s vo ed a he 2001 Ge eral Elec io - some 2.2m people. ha came a year af er research war ed he elevisi g of Parliame was ur i g off a e ire ge era io of ew vo ers. I 2006 i he USA, 650 people aged 18-30 were surveyed. 80 perce said hey were regis ered o vo e, bu he polls ers hi k some of hem were lyi g. Mr. Goeas, a co sul a wi h he Republica arra ce Group predic ed ha o ly 35 perce of hose surveyed would ac ually vo e.
Almos a quar er of he respo de s have li le o o i eres i he elec io , a d a ge der gap is evide , wi h me ge erally expressi g grea er i eres ha wome . Well, he figures speak by hemselves. A o her i dica or of poli ical ac ivi y is he a i ude of a perso o poli ical par ies, whe her he a aches himself o a y par y or o a d why. here was a public opi io poll made i he Ma ches er a d Lo do area he aim of which was o fi d ou how he you g people fel abou par y poli ics. hese are some of he comme s: “ o be ho es I’m o oo bo hered. I do ’ keep up wi h developme s a Wes mi s er . hese days my job, my cash flow a d socialisi g are more impor a !”( om, 28, from Ma ches er) “I ca ’ rela e o a y of he poli icia s. hey all seem fairly similar a d rarely lis e o you g people.” (Fio a, 25, from Lo do ) Of course hese wo comme s ca ’ represe he opi io of all he you h, bu u for u a ely hey represe he opi io of he majori y of bo h Bri ish a d America you h. “You g people oday are ’ i eres ed i poli ics because we hi k i does ’ affec us. I my opi io poli icia s do ' ask our views o issues or co sider our fu ures.” (Ka e, 17, UK) “You g people lack a i eres i a group of poli ical i s i u io s because hey ca ' see heir releva ce” (Joseph, 20, UK) Of course i 's rue ha ma y you g people ake o o ice of he gover me or he cou rys' leaders, bu I'd say ha some fi d i hough provoki g a d ge ui ely fasci a i g. Well, i my opi io he above si ua io e visages us he problem of lack of i forma io . he majori y of he you g people have o idea how hey ca make heir sugges io a d problems be heard. hough here is a solu io a d some of he you g people par icipa e ac ively i resolvi g some very opical for you h ques io s. For example, i he Midla ds here are loads of hi gs ha ca help i volve you g people i poli ics a d help hem voice heir co cer s. he You g People's Parliame , based a Mille ium Poi aims o ge you g people i volved i poli ics. I provides a mee i g place where you g people ca discuss issues, which affec he you h of Birmi gham. he YPP also works o bri g more people i o poli ics hrough projec s such as he Spiri of Birmi gham II. his is a projec aimed o give school childre he cha ce o deba e e hical issues. he YPP orga ises a io al a d i er a io al eve s o allow you g people he cha ce o ge i volved i poli ics. Also ew ech ology has e abled he YPP o joi a ‘global voice’ for you g people from all over he world. his mea s ha you g people here i he Midla ds ca campaig alo g side people from all over he world. his scheme has mea he you g peoples co cer s over homeless ess, drugs, bullyi g, ra spor a d leisure ca be discussed wi h poli icia s or o her decisio makers. here is also he U i ed Ki gdoms You h Parliame (UKYP), which i volves you g people i poli ics. he UKYP’s elec io s have jus ake place o choose five Members of he You h Parliame (MYPs) o represe Birmi gham. he MYP’s will ow mee wi h you g people o fi d ou heir co cer s before discussi g wi h campaig s hey will be worki g o .
The conversational code for tsarism had been Á€˜the peaceful timeÁ€™, implying the possibility of return to a natural order. Now the phrase fell out of use: Leningrad had permanently replaced Petersburg. But third, people wanted this Communism to be of a different sort. Having fought, worked and suffered for their country for four years, they felt that they had earned the right to be trusted by its government. They longed for the ordinary decencies of civilised life Á€” security, comfort, entertainment Á€” but also for freedom to express their opinions, explore the outside world, and genuinely to participate in public life. In the first post-war elections to the Supreme Soviet Leningraders defaced their ballots, scribbling Á€˜When are you going to abolish Communist serfdom?Á€™ Á€˜Give us bread and then hold electionsÁ€™; Á€˜Down with hard labour in the factories and collective farmsÁ€™, or even crossing out the candidateÁ€™s name and writing Á€˜For Adolf HitlerÁ€™. Á€˜ItÁ€™s humiliatingÁ€™, an actor at the Aleksandrinka was overheard to exclaim
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