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Вольво, система охлаждения

Министерство Сельского Хозяйства Российской Федерации Департамент кадровой политики и образования Московский государственный агроинженерный университет имени В.П. Горячкина Кафедра иностранных языков Курсовая работа. Выполнил: Потапов В.В. Проверил: Кулешов А.В. Москва, 2004г. Содержание: he his ory of Volvo (английский оригинал) Cooli g sys em (английский оригинал) he seve s ep pa h o be er decisio s (английский оригинал) История Вольво (перевод) Система охлаждения (перевод) Семь способов принятия верных решений (перевод) he his ory of Volvo. he Volvo 1800 was superseded by he 1800 ES spor s coupe i 1971, while he 140 series was replaced by he moder 240/260 hree years la er. I he USA, he Volvo 240 was desig a ed as he s a dard for car safe y. I 1972, Volvo acquired he car divisio of Du ch carmakers DAF a d he Volvo 343 was i roduced four years la er. 1970 - Volvo's firs Spo sorship he Volvo Accide Research eam for cars was es ablished. I addi io o mo i ori g crash es i g of comple e cars a d compo e s i he labora ory, Volvo researchers were ow able o ga her valuable i forma io o real-life accide s. Field i ves iga io s were compleme ed by s a is ics. Si ce he eam's fou da io , all accide i forma io is supplied o Volvo's desig e gi eers for use i ew car developme . Volvo car o. 2,000,000 was produced. Volvo u der ook i s firs major spor s spo sorship - he Volvo Ope i golf. Four ee years a d 667,323 cars la er, he Amazo was disco i ued. 1971 - ew Arrivals: P.G. Gylle hammar a d he 1800 ES he 1800 ES was he big eve of he year i cars. Al hough he fro half was ide ical o i s predecessor, he P1800, he rear half was ew a d resembled a es a e o some ex e . Wi h a maximum ou pu of 135 hp, he 1800 ES more ha fulfilled buyers' expec a io s of spor i ess. Al hough he model did become popular, i was disco i ued o ly wo years la er. I is ow a cul model which a rac s prices ma y imes higher ha he origi al. I 1971, he Volvo Group acquired i s hird preside a d CEO whe Pehr Gus af Gylle hammar, he jus 36 years old, succeeded his fa her-i -law, Gu ar E gellau. His firs ac was o offer sea s o he board o compa y employees. he same year, he Volvo Group joi ed Re aul a d Peugeo i a far-reachi g e gi e developme ve ure, formi g a joi compa y k ow as PRV for he purpose. he aim was o produce six-cyli der e gi es a a pla i Douvri i he or h of Fra ce. Produc io a he facili y, which was ow ed joi ly by Re aul a d Peugeo , co i ued u il 1990. Volvo comme ced car produc io i Melbour e, Aus ralia i 1971. 1972 - Bel -Drive Volvo he Volvo Group has acquired a large umber of o her compa ies hroughou i s his ory. However, his i cludes o ly o e carmaker - DAF. o mee he wishes of dealers a xious o compleme heir ra ges wi h a small car, Volvo agreed o acquire a 30% shareholdi g i he Du ch compa y's car opera io a d i s pla a Bor i he sou her e herla ds, as of 1 Ja uary 1973. I 1975, Volvo i creased i s shareholdi g o 75% a d he compa y was re amed Volvo Car B.V. Al hough o a a rac ive model, he Volvo Experime al Safe y Car (VESC) provided a powerful a swer o exis i g a d fu ure raffic safe y problems, o o ly i Europe, bu especially i he USA.

Volvo's firs e viro me al policy was ar icula ed by P.G. Gylle hammar a he U E viro me al Co fere ce i S ockholm. A sea bel remi der was he bigges safe y i ova io i roduced i produc io models. I er ia reel bel s also made heir appeara ce i he rear sea s. he compa y's bigges i ves me i 1972 was he ew Volvo ech ical Ce re (V C), which was buil o house all ew car developme ac ivi ies. 1973 - Fa as ic es rack he origi al es rack a S ora Holm had become far oo small a d oo difficul o shield from he pryi g eyes a d le ses of a press a xious o u cover secre projec s. As a resul , he compa y decided o build a e ormous es facili y a Hдllered, deep i he fores be wee Gц eborg a d Borеs. he pri cipal fea ure was he mai rack, a six-kilome re oval wi h four la es a d ba ked be ds, which e abled a driver o drive a 200 km/h wi hou ouchi g he wheel. Volvo was o s ar car produc io i Chesapeake, Virgi ia i 1973. However, eco omic co di io s, combi ed wi h he firs oil crisis, dic a ed o herwise a d i was decided o build buses i s ead. I he eve , his was o a success a d he pla was fi ally used o produce Volvo Pe a e gi es a d drives. Volvo Pe a's America headquar ers are s ill loca ed i Chesapeake oday. he USA became Volvo's bigges car marke . 1974 - 'Huma ' Pla Ope ed i KalmarVolvo i augura ed wha was o become k ow as he 'huma car pla ' i Kalmar. I he ew facili y, he co ve io al produc io li e was replaced by a sys em of ma ually co rolled carriers, wi h au oma ic loop-co rolled carriers supplyi g he assembly ma erials. he workforce was orga ised i au o omous groups, each wi h a high degree of respo sibili y for i s ow work. I i s 20 years of opera io , he pla a rac ed i er a io al a e io as a model worki g e viro me . he bigges car ews of he year was he appeara ce of he successor o he 140/160 series, he Volvo 240/260, which bore a s ro g resembla ce o he 1972 VESC, o o ly i erms of appeara ce bu also as regards safe y fea ures. he Volvo 240 was subseque ly desig a ed as he s a dard for car safe y i he USA. he Volvo 260 was powered by a ewly developed V6 e gi e produced a he PRV pla i Douvri . 1975 - he Smalles Volvo EverDAF cars co i ued o be sold u der heir origi al ame for some years followi g he Volvo akeover. By 1975, however, he DAF 66 had improved o he ex e ha i was re amed he Volvo 66. Volvo was already worki g i collabora io wi h Y gve ilsso , a bodybuildi g firm loca ed i Laholm, sou h of Go he burg. I 1975, he compa y i roduced o less ha hree specially buil , 's re ched' models bodied by ilsso - he Volvo 245 (a 's re ched' 245 i e ded as a axi), he 265 Ambula ce a d he 245 Hearse. 1976 - A Rugged ew Arrival he mos impor a reaso for Volvo's acquisi io of DAF - he Volvo 343 - was i roduced i February 1976. A medium-class car wi h rugged s yli g, he model was equipped wi h DAF's u ique Varioma ic co i uously variable ra smissio . Ex remely easy o drive, he car boas ed excep io al ha dli g ha ks o i s adva ced desig of rear axle, combi ed wi h he ideal weigh dis ribu io afforded by he rear-. mou ed ra smissio Al hough he 343 suffered from a umber of ee hi g roubles, hese were soo correc ed a d he car became ex remely popular, especially i Bri ai , Swede a d he e herla ds.

I Bri ai , Volvo was awarded he pres igious Do Safe y rophy for i s achieveme s i au omo ive safe y. he H SA, he US raffic safe y admi is ra io , bough a umber of Volvo 240s, which i used o specify he safe y s a dards agai s which all ew cars o he America marke were es ed. he hree-way ca aly ic co ver er a d oxyge se sor (Lambdaso d) was a world firs from Volvo i 1976. I roduced primarily o mee he s ric emissio co rol s a dards i force i Califor ia, he sys em reduced hazardous emissio s by abou 90%. Volvo had ow produced hree millio cars. Cooli g sys em. Arra geme . he cooli g sys em of he e gi e is a liquid, closed- ype, wi h a compulsory circula io of a liquid. he device for co rolli g he cooli g liquid empera ure is se i he cyli der head, a d he arrow i dica or is se o he co rol pa el. Cooli g sys em should be filled wi h a special liquid OSOL A-40, which has a icorrosive a d a ifoami g addi ives. he empera ure of crys alliza io is -40°С. Co ce ra ed a ifreeze OSOL A has a empera ure of crys alliza io -20°С, i ge s proper ies of OSOL A-40 af er mixi g i wi h dis illed wa er i he ra io 54 % of a ifreeze OSOL A a d 46 % of dis illed wa er. he period of cha gi g he cooli g liquid a ormal opera io of he au omobile is o ce i wo years or af er ru i g 60000 kms. Cooli g liquid is merged hrough he aper ure i he cyli der block i he bo om par of he radia or, which is closed by a co ic fuse. he ho liquid is moved from he cyli der head 4, passes hrough he radia or 8 or he bypass pipe 9, which depe ds o he posi io of valves of he hermome er 10 a d goes i o he pump 5 from which i goes o cyli der block 11. he cabi hea er 1 is co ec ed o he cooli g sys em, he liquid which goes from he cyli der head hrough he cra e 2 is moved o he pump, a d also warms he cabi carbure or hro le 3, he liquid which ac s from he jacke of he exhaus pipe a d is removed hrough a by-pass pipe of he hea er o he pump. For compe sa io cha ges of volume a d pressure he expa d a k 7 is used, i is co ec ed o he radia or eck by amou s a d closed by a fuse 6. he pump. he case 6 a d he cover of he pump 2 cas ed of a alumi ium alloy. he pla e 3 is bossed o he beari g 7. he pig-iro wi g 5 is pressed o he pla e of he beari g. he e d of he wi g, which joi s he seali g ri g of he seal, is empered by curre s of high freque cy o he dep h of 3mm. he ave 9 of he pulley 8 of he drivi g fa 12 is bossed o he pla e of he beari g. he seal 4 of he pump co sis s of he ex er al brass case, rubber cuff a d he seali g ri g made of a graphi ic mix a d pressed by a spri g o he e d of he wi g. he seal is bossed o he cover of he pump. he beari g of he pump fills wi h greasi g duri g he ma ufac uri g, so i does ’ eed greasi g duri g opera io . he fa . he fa is a plas ic, four-blade, e closed i a case. Blades are wi g- ype a d have a variable radius of i s alla io . For he reduc io of oise he s ep of blades is o -u iform, blades e d approxima ely. he fa 12 wi h he pulley 8 fas e s o he ave 9 by hree bol s 11. he drive of he fa is carried ou by he cra kshaf , which ra smi s i s ro a io wi h he help of he wedged- ype bel .