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Problem of Synonyms in the Translation |
Наклейки для поощрения "Смайлики 2". 
Гуашь "Классика", 12 цветов. 
Фонарь садовый «Тюльпан». MI IS RY OF HIGHER A D SECO DARY SPECIAL EDUCA IO OF HE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKIS A GULIS A S A E U IVERSI Y he E glish a d Li era ure depar me . Hai boev R.’s qualifica io work o special y 5220100, E glish philology o heme: “Problem of sy o yms i he ra sla io ” Supervisor: Qobulov I. Gulis a -2006 Co e s I. I roduc io 1.1. he purposes of he work 2.1 Ge eral defi i io of sy o ymy II. he Mai Par 2.1 Ge eral defi i io of sy o yms a d heir classifica io 2.2 he o io of cha geabili y a d how he mea i gs ca be subs i u ed i a la guage 2.3 Some sema ic peculiari ies of sy o yms a d heir fu c io al rela io ship 2.4 Peculiar dis ribu io al fea ures of sy o yms 2.5 Peculiar fea ures of sema ic combi abili y of sy o yms 2.6 he li k of sy o ymy wi h colloca io al mea i g 2.7 he o io of co cep ual sy o ymy III. Co clusio 1.3 Summary o he whole work 2.3 Ways of applyi g of he work IV. Bibliography I RODUC IO 1.1. he purposes of he work he heme of my qualifica io work sou ds as followi g: “Problem of sy o yms of i he ra sla io ” his qualifica io work ca be charac erized by he followi g: he ac uali y of his work caused by several impor a poi s. We seem o say ha he problem of sy o yms is o e of he mai difficul o es for he E glish la guage lear ers. I ca be mos clearly see i he colloquial layer of a la guage, which, i i s ur a high degree is suppor ed by developme of moder i forma io al ech ologies a d simplifica io of alive speech. As a resul , a grea umber of ew mea i gs of o e a d he same word appear i our vocabulary. So he sig ifica ce of our work ca be proved by he followi g reaso s: a) he problem of sy o ymy is o e of he developi g bra ches of vocabulary owadays. b)Sy o ymy reflec s he ge eral re d of e richme of a la guage word-s ock. c)Sy o ymy is closely co ec ed wi h he developme of moder i forma io al ech ologies. d)Bei g a developi g bra ch of li guis ics i requires a special a e io of eachers o be adequa e o heir specializa io i E glish. Havi g based upo he ac uali y of he heme we are able o formula e he ge eral goals of our qualifica io work. a) o s udy, a alyze, a d sum up all he possible cha ges happe ed i he s udied bra ch of li guis ics for he pas fif y years. b) o each he problem of sy o ymy o you g E glish lear ers. c) o demo s ra e he sig ifica ce of he problem for hose who wa o brush up heir E glish. d) o me io all he major of li guis s’ opi io s co cer i g he subjec s udied. If we say abou he ew i forma io used wi hi our work we may o e ha he work s udies he problem from he moder posi io s a d a alyzes he moder re ds appeared i his subjec for he las e years. I par icular, he ew compu er-based mea i gs of some habi ual words were give . he prac ical sig ifica ce of he work ca be co cluded i he followi g i ems: a) he work could serve as a good source of lear i g E glish by you g eachers a schools a d colleges. b) he lexicologis s could fi d a lo of i eres i g i forma io for hemselves. c) hose who would like o commu ica e wi h he E glish-speaki g people hrough he I er e will be able o use he up- o-da e words wi h he help of our qualifica io work.
Havi g said abou he li guis s s udied he ma erial before we ca me io ha our qualifica io work was based upo he i ves iga io s made by a umber of well k ow E glish, Russia a d Uzbek lexicologis s as A.I.Smir i sky, B.A. Ilyish, .Bura ov, V.V. Vi ogradov, O.Jesperse a d some o hers. If we say abou he me hods of scie ific approaches used i our work we ca me io ha he me hod of ypological a alysis was used. he ewali y of he work is co cluded i i cludi g he moder mea i gs of habi ual words o our qualifica io work. he ge eral s ruc ure of our qualifica io work looks as follows: he work is composed o o hree major par s: i roduc io , mai par a d co clusio . Each par has i s subdivisio o o he specific hema ically i ems. here are wo poi s i he i roduc ory par : he firs i em ells abou he ge eral co e of he work while he o her gives us he ge eral expla a io of he lexicological phe ome o of shor e i g i a la guage. he mai par bears he seve poi s i i self. he firs poi explai s he ge eral defi i io of sy o yms a d heir classifica io . I he seco d i em of he mai par we give he o io of cha geabili y a d how he mea i gs ca be subs i u ed i a la guage. he hird i em ells Some sema ic peculiari ies of sy o yms a d heir fu c io al rela io ship I he four h i em we ale i o co sidera io he Peculiar dis ribu io al fea ures of sy o yms. he fif h paragraph akes i o co sidera io he ques io of peculiar fea ures of sema ic combi abili y of sy o yms. he six h i em shows us he li k of sy o ymy wi h colloca io al mea i g. he las paragraph of he mai par a alyzes he o io of co cep ual sy o ymy i a la guage. he co clusio of he qualifica io work sums up he ideas discussed i he mai par ( he firs i em) a d shows he ways of implyi g of he qualifica io work (i he seco d i em). A he e d of he qualifica io work here is he four h par – bibliography lis of he works used for prepari g his paper. 1.2 Ge eral defi i io of sy o ymy Sy o yms (i a cie Greek sy ‘σ&upsilo ;& u;’ plus a d o oma ‘ό& u;&omicro ;μα’ ame) are differe words wi h similar or ide ical mea i gs a d are i ercha gable. A o yms are words wi h opposi e or early opposi e mea i gs. (Sy o ym a d a o ym are a o yms.) A example of sy o yms is he words ca a d feli e. Each describes a y member of he family Felidae. Similarly, if we alk abou a lo g ime or a ex e ded ime, lo g a d ex e ded become sy o yms. I he figura ive se se, wo words are of e said o be sy o ymous if hey have he same co o a io : “a widespread impressio ha Hollywood was sy o ymous wi h immorali y” (Doris Kear s Goodwi )1 Sy o yms ca be ou s, adverbs or adjec ives, as lo g as bo h members of he pair are he same par of speech. More examples of E glish sy o yms: baby a d i fa ( ou ) s ude a d pupil ( ou ) pre y a d a rac ive (adjec ive) sick a d ill (adjec ive) i eres i g a d fasci a i g (adjec ive) quickly a d speedily (adverb) o e ha he sy o yms are defi ed wi h respec o cer ai se ses of words; for i s a ce, pupil as he “aper ure i he iris of he eye” is o sy o ymous wi h s ude .
Similarly, expired as “havi g los validi y” (as i grocery goods) i does ’ ecessarily mea dea h. Some lexicographers claim ha o sy o yms have exac ly he same mea i g (i all co ex s or social levels of la guage) because e ymology, or hography, pho ic quali ies, ambiguous mea i gs, usage, e c. make hem u ique. However, ma y people feel ha he sy o yms hey use are ide ical i mea i g for all prac ical purposes. Differe words ha are similar i mea i g usually differ for a reaso : feli e is more formal ha ca ; lo g a d ex e ded are o ly sy o yms i o e usage a d o i o hers, such as a lo g arm a d a ex e ded arm. Sy o yms are also a source of euphemisms. he purpose of a hesaurus is o offer he user a lis i g of similar or rela ed words; hese are of e , bu o always, sy o yms. I a way, hypo yms are similar o sy o yms. I co ras , a o yms (a opposi e pair) would be: dead a d alive (compare o sy o yms: dead a d deceased) ear a d far (compare o sy o yms: ear a d close) war a d peace (compare o sy o yms: war a d armed co flic ) reme dous a d awful (compare o sy o yms: reme dous a d remarkable) Mai Par 2.1 Ge eral defi i io of sy o yms a d heir classifica io Sy o yms are words differe i heir ou er aspec s, bu ide ical or similar i heir i er aspec s. I E glish here are a lo of sy o yms, because here are ma y borrowi gs, e.g. hear y / a ive/ - cordial/ borrowi g/. Af er a word is borrowed i u dergoes desy o ymiza io , because absolu e sy o yms are u ecessary for a la guage. However, here are some absolu e sy o yms i he la guage, which have exac ly he same mea i g a d belo g o he same s yle, e.g. o moa , o groa ; homela d, mo herla d e c. I cases of desy o ymiza io o e of he absolu e sy o yms ca specialize i i s mea i g a d we ge sema ic sy o yms, e.g. «ci y» /borrowed/, « ow » / a ive/. he Fre ch borrowi g «ci y» is specialized. I o her cases a ive words ca be specialized i heir mea i gs, e.g. «s ool» / a ive/, «chair» /Fre ch/. Some imes o e of he absolu e sy o yms is specialized i i s usage a d we ge s ylis ic sy o yms, e.g. « o begi »/ a ive/, « o comme ce» /borrowi g/. Here he Fre ch word is specialized. I some cases he a ive word is specialized, e.g. «welki » /bookish/, «sky» / eu ral/. S ylis ic sy o yms ca also appear by mea s of abbrevia io . I mos cases he abbrevia ed form belo gs o he colloquial s yle, a d he full form o he eu ral s yle, e.g. «exami a io ’, «exam». Amo g s ylis ic sy o yms we ca poi ou a special group of words which are called euphemisms. hese are words used o subs i u e some u pleasa or offe sive words, e.g. « he la e» i s ead of «dead», « o perspire» i s ead of « o swea » e c. here are also phraseological sy o yms, hese words are ide ical i heir mea i gs a d s yles bu differe i heir combi i g wi h o her words i he se e ce, e.g. « o be la e for a lec ure» bu « o miss he rai », « o visi museums» bu « o a e d lec ures» e c. I each group of sy o yms here is a word wi h he mos ge eral mea i g, which ca subs i u e a y word i he group, e.g. «piece» is he sy o ymic domi a i he group «slice», «lump», «morsel».
Молотов, «О внешней политике Советского Союза», Советское государство и право, P5 (1939), 6. 53.PФ. Г. Зуев и др., История Польши, 2 тома (Москва: Академия наук, 1958), 456457. 54.PМ. П. Ким, под ред. История СССР: Эпоха социализма (Москва, 1958), 534542. 55.PP. Grigorenko, Memoirs, translated by Thomas Whitney (New York: Norton, 1982), 92. 56.PAlfred Rambaud, The Expansion of Russia: Problems of the East and Problems of the Far East. Burlington, VT: The International Monthly, 1900; та Piotr Wilczek, «Jesuits in Poland according A. F. Pollard,» Sarmatian Review, 19, no. 1 (January 1999), 593596. 57.PПдтвердження цього висновку див. у книжц Gross, 29, 3233. 58. 10 березня 1999 р. Росйська Дума 307 голосами проти 35 проголосувала про повернення до мелод радянського гмну замсть музики Глнки. Як повдомило того самого дня Агентство Франс-Прес, текст радянського гмну мав бути замнений новим вршем. Двох голосв забракло до повернення як до музики, так слв радянського гмну. 59.P«Einvemehmen zwischen Berlin und Moskau uber Polen,» («Домовленсть про Польщу мж Берлном Москвою»), Volkischer Beobachter, пвнчне видання, 19 вересня 1939 р. 60.PAlfred Rambaud, LHistoire de la Russie (18?); на цю книжку посилання в прац A. F
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