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Экономика и Финансы
Экономическая теория, политэкономия, макроэкономика
A Country Report and Profile - Republic of Uzbekistan |
A Cou ry Repor a d Profile Prese ed By: Alfiya G. Mirzagalamova amirz@i dia a.edu Jaso C. Holma jholma @i di a aedu Dmi ri Masli che ko dmi ri@mailroom.com he co cep of ra si io of he Republic of Uzbekis a o he marke eco omy co sis s of five pri ciples formula ed by i s Preside Islam Karimov:1. Eco omy should have priori y over poli ics. Eco omic reforms should o follow he lead of poli ical processes.2. he S a e is he mai reformer. he represe a ives of legally elec ed au hori ies have o de ermi e priori ies a d pursue bala ced policy of o social shocks.3. Alo g wi h eco omic reforms i is ecessary o crea e a sys em of social pro ec io of he Republic popula io especially of mos vul erable groups.4. Superiori y of Law a d Co s i u io .5. S age by s age moveme o he marke eco omy. he ra si io o ex s age o ly af er he curre s age arge s have bee me .I. Poli ical a d Eco omic Backgrou d Poli ics o u ders a d he poli ics of Uzbekis a i is impor a o delve i o i ’s mos rece his ory. he leader from 1959-1983 was Sharaf Rashidov, who ruled i a quasi-feudal fashio , much like he ewly elec ed leader. Rashidov kep he USSR co e hrough a combi a io of pa ro age, corrup io , a d repressive behavior. O ce Mikhail Gorbachev was elec ed, Rashidov was he prime arge for his drive o elimi a e corrup io . Al hough here was a upsurge of a io al ide i y amo g he Uzbeks a d a feeli g of vic imiza io by he housa ds of corrup officials who where soo impriso ed, i credibly hrough more repressio he elec io s for ew leaders would go u opposed. he Republic of Uzbekis a declared i s i depe de ce from he former Sovie U io o Augus 31, 1991. Al hough i was o recog ized by he U i ed S a es u il December 25, 1992. Uzbekis a is a member of he U i ed a io s a d he Commo weal h of I depe de S a es (CIS). Al hough Glas os led o ma y ope media discussio s of he e viro me a d e h ic issues, he elec io s held i 1990 were o e-sided. he mai opposi io par y was o allowed o s a d, herefore leavi g ma y commu is ca dida es o be elec ed. Islam Karimov was firs elec ed Preside i 1990 by he Supreme Sovie a d la er was reelec ed by a popular vo e i 1991. I 1995 Karimov held a a io al refere dum which would ex e d his erm i o he year 2000. He had 99% of he elec ora e’s suppor . Karimov proclaims he is a suppor er of “Eas er Democracy.” He s resses he impor a ce of s abili y of eas er democracy over i ’s wes er cou erpar . he s abili y ha Karimov sugges s ma y believe is jus a ploy for Karimov o use his dic a orship power o cli g o he old world s a us. Karimov is o e of he s ro ges suppor ers of co i ued coopera io amo g he Sovie Republics. Karimov suppor ed he ew U io rea y i spri g of 1991 a d did o oppose he Augus 1991 coup i Moscow. O ce he coup collapsed Uzbekis a declared i depe de ce. Karimov proclaims Uzbekis a is a mul ipar y sys em, ye he Erk (Freedom) Democra ic Par y, he Birlik (U i y) People’s Moveme (BPM) a d he Islamic rebir h Par y (IRP) have bee ba ed. Policy makers s ill remai suspicious of u regula ed marke mecha isms, al hough Karimov officially commi s o a marke -orie ed reform.
Prices were slowly liberalized a d he ew rade policies are less harmful oward expor s. he impor ariffs proposed i 1993 are prefere ial oward CIS commu i ies a d ex ra low ariffs oward Ce ral Asia cou ries. I is goi g o be very difficul for him o explai why ma y of he eighbori g Ce ral Asia cou ries are becomi g richer hrough liberaliza io a d priva iza io while Uzbekis a co i ues o s ay s able, bu poorer he he o her a io s. Karimov s resses s abili y as a reaso why Uzbekis a has o see he high i fla io ra es charac eris ic o o her CIS commu i ies i ra si io . 2Karimov gives li le me io o huma righ s. He believes ha eco omic s abili y is ecessary for socio-poli ical s abili y. I his ew book, Alo g he Road of Deepe i g Eco omic Reform, Karimov s a es, “prepara io , discussio a d adop io of fu dame al laws regula i g a d providi g guara ees of huma righ s a d freedoms, righ s a d freedoms of public orga iza io s a d freedom of co scie ce a d religio have bee some hi g pri cipally ew i prac ical law maki g i his cou ry.” He also briefly me io s he wome ’s righ s a d ack owledges heir special role as “wome -mo hers” a d presses for be er child care provisio s. Eco omy 3A i depe de ce, he eco omy was domi a ed by co o produc io . Uzbekis a hoped o be efi from his by selli g he co o o he i er a io al marke , bu he early 1990s were a ime of depressed prices o world co o marke s. his crea ed a dispu e wi h Russia, which respo ded by seeki g o purchase co o o he world marke . Uzbekis a los a co siderable amou of reve ue due o his co flic wi h Russia. Eve ually he wo cou ries reached a agreeme o bar er Uzbek co o for Russia pe roleum produc s. O her impor a agricul ural produc s i clude grai , frui , vege ables a d a ural silk from cocoo s. he mai problem of Uzbekis a is ha abou hree-fif hs of he cou ry is deser or semi-arid deser : almos all cul iva ed la d mus be irriga ed. his has resul ed i he gradual dryi g up of he Aral Sea. By he 90's he available wa er supply had bee exhaus ed o he poi ha here was o possibili y of i creasi g he amou of la d used for agricul ural purposes. Grai produc io o ly covers a quar er of Uzbekis a ’s o al co sump io . herefore Uzbekis a relies heavily o impor s from cou ries such as he U i ed S a es o suppor heir supply of grai . Uzbekis a complai s ha he USSR des royed i ’s grai -growi g capaci y i order o crea e he co o mo ocul ure. his has remai ed a very difficul obs acle for Uzbekis a a d grai co i ues o be a major impor . 4Uzbekis a ’s o her primary produc expor s i clude gas a d mi erals. Uzbekis a has few e ergy sources besides gas a d u apped hydro power. Al hough a major oil field was rece ly discovered i he Ferga a Valley i 1992. Uzbekis a is he larges impor er of oil by all he CARs. he mos accessible mi eral expor is gold, of which Uzbekis a was he USSR’s seco d-larges producer. Joi ve ures are bri gi g foreig ech ology o exploi Uzbekis a gold mi es. O her mi eral deposi s i clude silver, lead, copper, zi c, a d u gs e . Uzbekis a ’s mi erals have a low ore co e , which sugges s ha i would o be as valuable o he world marke .
5Af er World War II, Sovie resources were co ce ra ed o rebuildi g i dus rial e erprises i Europea areas. Wi h less i ves me he grow h ra e of Uzbekis a s i dus ry decli ed. here was a lo g re d of falli g i dus rial grow h ra es. Ma ufac uri g i dus ry i Uzbekis a was origi ally developed i close rela io o i s primary produc base which of course was co o a d frui s a d vege ables. Machi ery for he co o sec or was a major ou pu a d food processi g i dus ries were also impor a . hese are he o ly wo subs a ial forms of ma ufac uri g i Uzbekis a . his is somewha dis urbi g co sideri g he large amou s of resources ha are available. 6 he ge eral problem was of lack ech ical abili y a d low s a dards of quali y. he mai approach o correc his problem was o e courage joi ve ures. Ma y joi ve ure agreeme s were sig ed i 1992 a d 1993, bu here was li le ac ual foreig i ves me . here was also a problem wi h Uzbekis a ’s commu ica io capabili ies. I 1993 a joi ve ure was formed wi h he urkish compa y, ele as, o i s all seve y housa d li es. Uzbekis a also would like o become he hub of Ce ral Asia. Whe he Aeroflo flee was shared ou af er he dismemberme of he USSR, Uzbekis a u ilized i s share of he pla es produc ively o ear vas amou s of hard curre cy. I crea ed a i er a io al e work i he spri g of 1993 wi h he goal of maki g ashke a hub for budge a d ravel be wee Europe a d Asia. Fligh s would be es ablished o Karachi, Delhi, Kuala, Lumpur, Ba gkok, Beiji g, Fra kfor , a d Lo do . Israel provided rai i g assis a ce o Uzbekis a Airways, a d he airli e raised i s credibili y by purchasi g several Airbuses. Eco omic reform i Uzbekis a has bee very slow. U il 1994 Mr. Karimov opposed reform. Si ce he he has had o s ar some reforms o ob ai IMF backi g for his s abiliza io program a d o ge World Ba k fi a ci g. Uzbekis a has bee officially commi ed o eco omic reform si ce i depe de ce. he gover me has favored gradual cha ge, a d he pace has become i creasi gly slower as he years have we o . Labor marke a d e erprise reform have bee limi ed, a d i deed he ul ima e reaso behi d Uzbekis a s slow price liberaliza io has bee o mai ai he value of real wages a d subsidies. he gover me has promised o keep wage a d be efi i creases ahead of fu ure price rises. 7Priva iza io i Uzbekis a has progressed ex remely slow. Karimov domi a es eco omic policy; he has issued a raf of decrees ha are o occasio co radic ory, bu aim o co vi ce he mul ila eral i s i u io s ha reform is aki g place. he firs form of priva iza io ook place i 1994. he process lacked ra spare cy, was corrup a d resul ed i Mr Karimov’s allies ow i g he viable firms. O her obs acles are ha la d liberaliza io ahead of es ablishi g a guara eed wa er supply would be mea i gless for he irriga io -based agricul ural sec or. I i dus ry, o o ly has priva iza io of s a e e erprises bee slow bu here was also very li le priva iza io crea ed from ma y small-scale e repre eurs.8II. Budge ary a d Mo e ary Co di io s Uzbekis a ’s s a is ics are o oriously i accura e a d i small qua i ies. he gover me views eco omic da a as a s a e secre , a d circula io of he more i forma ive da a is res ric ed.
It was impossible not to approve of such a law. The only problem for Felipe and me was that it was an awfully inconveniently timed law, given that our case would now take at least four extra months to process, as the FBI back home did their due diligence investigations to confirm that I was neither a convicted rapist nor a serial murderer of unfortunate women, despite the fact that I totally matched the profile. Every few days I would send another e-БЂ‹mail to our immigration lawyer back in Philadelphia, checking in for progress reports, for time-БЂ‹lines, for hope. БЂњNo news,БЂ« the lawyer would always report. Sometimes he would remind me, just in case I had forgotten: БЂњMake no plans. Nothing is promised.БЂ« So while all that played out (or rather, while all that didnБЂ™t play out) Felipe and I entered the country of Laos. We took a flight out of northern Thailand to the ancient city of Luang Prabang, passing over a continuous emerald expanse of mountains that poked out of the verdant jungle, steep and striking, one after another, like choppy frozen green waves
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