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The uniqueness of the British |
as a people has lo g bee ake for gra ed by foreig observers a d a ive comme a ors alike. Visi ors from overseas, from Ve e ia ambassadors i he la e fif ee h ce ury, hrough i ellec uals like Vol aire, o America jour alis s of he we ie h ce ury, have all bee co vi ced of he special quali y of Bri ish socie y. his has bee equally assumed by moder a ive chro iclers of he Bri ish sce e. Bu he a ure or esse ce of he Bri ish ess of he Bri ish is far easier o proclaim ha o explai . Some E glish charac eris ics upo which bo h a ives a d visi ors have e ded o agree have o do wi h a io al psychology: egoism, self-co fide ce, i olera ce of ou siders, deep suspicious ess owards heir compa rio s, os e a ious weal h, i depe de ce, social mobili y, love of comfor a d a s ro g belief i priva e proper y. Modera io , he avoida ce of ex remes, he choice of a middle way, are amo g he esse ial quali ies of E glish ess. he wo fea ures of E glish life which from he 15 h I ce ury o wards s ruck almos every observer were he cou ry's weal h a d i s s ro g se se of i dividualism. he fea ures ha have shaped he Bri ish dis i c ive ess were de ermi ed by he cou ry's geographical isola io from he Europea co i e , wi h he co sis e ce rali y of sea power a d a broad social fluidi y i which he early collapse of feudalism helped ge era e a ew i dus ry a d commercial e erprise. he lo g ce uries duri g which he la d was free from i vaders mea ha here could be a flowi g cul ure co i ui y from he ime of Chaucer o wards impossible o he war- or Co i e . A poli ical a d legal evolu io is expressed i he E glish Parliame which has survived i recog izable form ill oday, wi hou hose i errup io s a d periods of absolu e mo archy ha have marked he his ory of i s eighbours, a d he rule of law. here have bee o her sig ifica fea ures i he developme of E gla d which mark i as a cou ry o some degree separa e from Europe. O e of he mos impor a is he la guage. E glish is a la guage of u paralleled rich ess, sub le y a d varie y, which u locks' he reasures of a li era ure seco d o o e i he world. I is he easies la guage o lear . As for Bri ish his ory, i is o o e of harmo ious co i ui y, broade i g from epoch o epoch. I is a drama ic, colourful, of e viole s ory of a a cie socie y a d cul ure or apar by he poli ical, eco omic, a d i ellec ual urmoil of huma experie ce. Bri ai i ma y ways has bee he cockpi of ma ki d, Vocabulary ambassador - посол assume - допускать proclaim - провозглашать psychology - психология self-co fide ce - самоуверенность i olera ce - нетерпимость os e a ious - нарочитый, показной priva e proper y - частная собственность u ique ess -уникальность, своеобразие social fluidi y - социальная подвижность avoida ce - уклонение (от чего-л. ), избежание ex reme - крайность isola io - изоляция i vader - захватчик co i ui y - непрерывность proceed - продолжать urmoil - беспорядок Ques io s 1. Wha did visi ors from overseas a d a ive chro iclers hi k abou he Bri ish charac eris ic fea ures? 2. Who has bee co vi ced of he special quali y of Bri ish socie y? 3. Wha E glish charac eris ics have bo h a ives a d visi ors e ded o agree upo ? 4.
Wha fea ures of E glish life s ruck almos every observer from he 15 h ce ury o wards? 5. Wha shaped he Bri ish dis i c ive ess? 6. Wha role did he la guage play i he developme of E gla d? 7. How is he his ory of Bri ai charac erized?
A forgotten episode of the first Afghan War. L., 1886. Yate G. P. The Kingdom of Afghanistan. Calcutta, 1911. Комментарии Предисловие {1}Н. Rawlinson, England and Russia in the East, L., 1875. {2} D. Boulger, England and Russia in Central Asia, vol. 1 - II, L. 1878. {3} А. Гамильтон, Афганистан, пер. с англ., СПб, 1908. {4} О. Macmunn, Afghanistan from Darius to Amanullah, L., 1929. {5} P. Sykes, History of Afghanistan, vol. I - II, L., 1940. {6} W. К. Fraser-Tytler, Afghanistan. A study of Political Development in Central Asia, L., 1951. {7} V. Eyre, The Military Operations of Cabul, which ended in the Retreat and Destruction of the British Army, L., 1843. {8} J. Duke, Recollections of the Kabul Campaign 1879 and 1880, L., 1883. {9} J. W. Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan, vol. I - III, L., 1878. {10} Э. Гримм, Основы афганской политики Англии, "Новый Восток" № 26-27, 1929 г. {11} А. Л. Попов, Борьба за среднеазиатский плацдарм, "Исторические записки" № 7, 1940 г. {12} Е. Л. Штейнберг, Война Афганистана за независимость в 1878-1880 гг., "Исторический журнал" № 2, 1941 г.; его же, История британской агрессии на Среднем Востоке, М., 1951. {13} "Миссия дружбы", Вып. I, M., 1956 стр. 274
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