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ñäåëàòü ñòàðòîâîé | äîáàâèòü â èçáðàííîå |
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Creating Market Economy in Eastern Europe |
Ðó÷êà "Ïîìàäà". 
Ãîðøîê òîðôÿíîé äëÿ öâåòîâ. 
Áðàñëåò ñâåòîîòðàæàþùèé, ñàìîôèêñèðóþùèéñÿ, æåëòûé. A ual Paper of “World Eco omies” “Crea i g Marke Eco omy i Eas er Europe” ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ: Ðàçäåë 3 äàííîé êóðñîâîé ðàáîòû è èìååò îòíîøåíèå òîëüêî ê íàøåé ðåñïóáëèêå, ïðîñüáà îáðàòèòü íà ýòî âíèìàíèå è äëÿ êàæäîãî êîíêðåòíîãî ñëó÷àÿ åãî íåîáõîäèìî ïåðåäåëûâàòü ïîä ñâîé ðåãèîí. Carried ou By d year s ude he Summary I roduc io 1. Mea i g of marke Eco omy a d asks of he ra si io s. 2. he Emerge ce of Marke Eco omy i Europea cou ries. 1. . he ra si io o a Marke Eco omy. 2. Pola d a d Hu gary as he bes example of ra si io i he Eas Europe.2. Moldova’s way o a ope eco omy. Co clusio . I roduc io his paper is orie ed oward he problems of ra si io a d crea i g i cou ries of Eas er Europe, amely Pola d, Hu gary, all of which are a emp i g o make he ra si io u der a democra ic, parliame ary form of gover me . he las ew years have wi essed ruly ex raordi ary eve s i he formally commu is socie ies. U der ewly es ablished co di io s of free speech a d freedom of orga iza io , commu is pri ciples of poli ical a d eco omic co rol have bee widely repudia ed, a d commu is gover me s have bee swep aside, replaced by gover me s commi ed o democra ic pri ciples a d a marke eco omy. While i some cou ries a d par s of cou ries former commu is have o bee decisively dislodged, i almos all cases commu ism has los wha ever remai i g legi imacy i possessed, a d i mos of hese socie ies he crucial eco omic issue has sudde ly cha ged from reformi g he socialis pla i g sys em by he i roduc io of marke -like eleme s o movi g o a marke -eco omy wi h priva e ow ership of mos of socie y's asse s. here are several reaso s why he ask of desig i g his ra si io is fasci a i g, especially o eco omis s. Firs , he problem i ew: o cou ry prior o 1989 had ever aba do ed he commu is poli ical a d eco omic sys em. Seco d, he experie ce o da e i dica es ha cou ries a emp i g ra si io face a umber of commo problems a d difficul ies. While here are impor a differe ces i he i heri ed si ua io s a d he choices made by gover me s of hese cou ries, he similari ies i he problems hey face a d he difficul ies hey are e cou eri g sugges ha here is logic o he ra si io process. hird, he abse ce of a y close his orical parallels a d he limi ed experie ce eco omics i ra si io offer a oppor u i y a d a challe ge for developme of orma ive ra si io sce arios. his ur ou , however o be ex raordi arily difficul o co s ruc . Fi ally, he problems are o wai i g for a alis s' solu io s; decisio s curre ly bei g made may lead o a evolu io wi h irreversible co seque ces. 1. Mea i g of Marke Eco omy a d he asks of he ra si io s. ha eco omic sys em which bri gs oge her a ural resources, labour supply a d ech ology a d which is pri cipally priva ely ow ed a d were gover me has o some ex e always bee i volved i regula i g a d guidi g he eco omy, has bee referred o as "Marke Eco omy". Ye , despi e his his ory of gover me i erve io , i dividuals i ha cou ry have always bee able o choose for whom hey will work a d wha hey will buy. ow 3 groups make decisio s a d i is heir dy amic i erac io ha makes he eco omy opera e.
Co sumers, producers a d gover me make eco omic decisio s o a daily basis, he primary force bei g be wee producers a d co sumers; he ce, he marke eco omy desig a io . Co sumers look for he bes values for wha hey spe d while producers seek he bes price a d profi from wha hey have o sell. Gover me , a s a e a d local levels, seeks o promo e he public safe y, provides social safe y- e , e sures fair compe i io a d also provides a ra ge of services believed o be be er performed by public ra her i clude educa io , heal h service, he pos al service road a d railway sys em, social s a is ical repor i g a d, of course, a io al defe se. I his marke eco omy sys em, eco omic forces are u fe ered, supply a d dema ds build up he price of goods a d services. E repre eurs are free o develop heir busi ess u less hey ca provide goods or services of a quali y a d price o comple e wi h o hers; hey are drive from he marke . By a d large, here are hree ki ds of busi ess: 1) hose s ar ed a d ma aged perso ally by si gle e repre eurs; 2) he par ership where wo or more people share he risks a d rewards of a busi ess; 3) he corpora io , here s ock holders as ow ers ca by or sell heir shares a a y ime o he ope marke ; his la er s ruc ure permi s he amassi g of large sums of mo ey by combi i g i ves me , maki g possible large-scale e erprise. I ova io s i eco omic heory i he las wo decades u doub edly affec he way eco omis s look a he ra si io problem a d have probably made hem more pessimis ic abou he ease wi h which i ca be accomplished. Developme s i ra sac io cos eco omics, he eco omics of i forma io , he ew i s i u io al eco omics, a d evolu io ary approaches o eco omics have se si ized eco omis s o he vi al role ha i s i u io s play i eco omic process. O e way of hi ki g abou a successful marke eco omy is ha i is a se of co verge expec a io s i he popula io abou how o her people will behave; hese expec a io s suppor a ex remely elabora e divisio of labour or a high degree of specializa io amo g i dividuals, orga iza io s, a d geographic areas. I rece decades ma y eco omis s have re ur ed o he Schumpe eria view ha he adva age of he marke eco omy (rela ive o i s al er a ives) lies more i i s facili a io of i ova ive ac ivi y ha i i s alloca ive efficie cy. he sys em of ce ral pla i g is surely deficie i bo h respec s bu i is shor comi gs seem o be much grea er i he area of i ova io ha i alloca ive efficie cy. A o her developme i eco omics ha has reduced he affrac ive ess of he large co cep io of marke socialism is he i creased a e io paid o he mo iva io of gover me officials, bo h legisla ors a d bureaucra s. I he 1950's a d 1960's, much of eco omic a alysis was focused o marke failures a d gover me ac io o remedy hese failures, u der he implici assump io ha gover me officials would follow he rules laid dow by he au hori ies. he a alysis of he logic of collec ive ac io a d he forma io of i eres groups he heory of re -seeki g behavior, a d he s udy of he evolu io of coopera io a d orms have emphasized ha gover me failure as well as marke failure mus be ake i o co sidera io i desig i g i s i u io s.
A vivid a alogy s a ed by Vladimir Be achek of Charles U iversi y is ha he socialis eco omics are a he op of a small hill ( he pla ed eco omy), a d hey wa o ge o he op of a larger hill ( he marke eco omy). Bu i be wee he wo hills is a valley, which may be bo h wide a d deep. he a alogy illus ra es he poi ha he ce rally pla ed eco omics did have a cohere eco omic sys em (i.e. hey were a he op of heir hill). O e migh add ha he smaller hill was bei g eroded by he s re g he i g of special i eres groups a d was perhaps, se li g due o he seismic rumbli gs ha sha ered he commu is au hori y. he ba d of ravelers mus se le heir differe ces, agree o a rou e, a d avoid he pi falls a d chasms alo g he way. Perhaps eco omic a alysis ca facili a e he jour ey by desig i g a bridge be wee he wo hills. Give he abse ce of close his orical parallels a d he severe limi a io s of eco omic models of socie y i is clearly beyo d he capaci y of social e gi eers o draw up very precise pla s for he bridge. he asks of he ra si io s he lis of ac ivi ies which gover me s which gover me s mus u der ake i cou ries a emp i g he ra si io o a marke eco omy is ruly s aggeri g. he lis give here is desig ed o co vey some hi g of he e ormi y a d complexi y of he job. Firs , here is a group of ac ivi ies rela ed o crea i g a ew se of rules: 1. Se i g up he legal i fras ruc ure for he priva e sec or: Commercial a d co rac low, a i rus a d labour low, e viro me al a d heal h regula io s; rules regardi g foreig par erships a d wholly foreig -ow ed compa ies; cour s o se le dispu es a d e force he laws.2. Devisi g a sys em of axa io of he ew priva e sec or: Defi i g accou i g rules for axa io purposes, orga izi g a I er al Reve ue Service o collec axes from he priva e sec or.3. Devisi g he rules for he ew fi a cial sec or: Defi i g accou i g rules for repor i g busi ess resul s o ba ks a d i ves ors; se i g up a sys em of ba k regula io .4. De ermi i g ow ership righ s o exis i g real proper y: Devisi g laws rela i g o he ra sfer of proper y, a d laws affec i g la dlord e a rela io s; resolvi g he vexa ious issue of res i u io of proper y co fisca ed by commu is gover me s.5. Foreig excha ge: a) se i g he rules u der which priva e firms a d i dividuals may esquire a d sell foreig excha ge a d foreig goods; b) se i g he rules i he same area for he o -ye -priva ized e erprises. ex here are some asks rela ed o ma agi g he:6. Reformi g prices: E erprises ha have bee priva ized will presumably be largely free o se heir ow prices, bu early o i he process, he dema ds of he gover me budge will require raisi g prices o ma y co sumer goods ha have bee provided a prices for below cos . 7. Crea i g a safe y e : Se i g up a emerge cy u employme compe sa io scheme; arge i g aid i ki d or i cash o hose hrea e ed wi h severe hard ship by he reforms.8. S abilizi g he macroeco omic: Ma agi g he gover me budge o avoid a excessive fiscal defici a d ma agi g he o al credi provided by he ba ki g sys em. Fi ally here are asks rela ed o priva iza io :9. Small-scale priva iza io : Releasi g o he priva e sec or rucks a d buses, re ail shops, res aura s, repair shops, warehouses, a d o her buildi g space for eco omic ac ivi ies; es ablishi g he priva e righ o purchase services from railroads, por s, a d o her e erprises which may remai i he public sec or.1
He believed that once those goals had been attained, the attraction of communism would become so overwhelming that nothing could stop the whole of Europe and Asia from turning communist. He saw that it was primarily American economic superiority, operating through the Marshall Plan and the Mutual Security agencies, that had defeated communism in Western Europe without much direct political intervention by the United States. On the other hand, Russia, because of her economic inferiority, maintained her preponderance in Eastern Europe primarily by the direct use of political and even military force. She had had to send out her political police to fight ‘dollar diplomacy’. In what we may suppose to have been Stalin's vision of the years 1965-70 the picture was reversed. He saw a self-sufficient bloc of 800 million people, toiling within the framework of an integrated planned economy, which should in time be able to produce such wealth and attain such high standards of living that communism could rely on its economic preponderance rather than on political or military coercion; while a stagnant or decaying bourgeois West would be losing its power of attraction and would come to rely more and more on the use of force
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