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The history of Germany and tourism |
Co e sI roduc io 1. Germa y: ge eral i forma io 1.1 he his ory of Germa y 1.2 Germa y la d 1.3 Cul ure & popula io 1.4 Germa y’s eco omics & gover me 1.5 Germa ’s Mo ey & Cos s 1.6 Germa ’s commu ica io s & educa io 2. ourism i Germa y 2.1 Germa y by car 2.2 Discover Germa y by Bus 2.3 Air ravel 2.4 ravel by rai 2.5 Cas les & Palaces 2.6 Me ropolises Co clusio Li era ure I roduc io Germa y wears i s riches well: elega big-ci y charm, pic ure-pos card small ow s, paga -i spired harves fes ivals, a weal h of ar a d cul ure a d he pere ial pleasures of huge rac s of fores , deligh ful cas les a d fi e wi e a d beer are all here for he e joyi g. Germa y's reu ifica io i 1990 was he begi i g of ye a o her chap er i Germa y's complex his ory. o visi or will remai u ouched by his cou ry's pas a d he way i affec s he a io oday. he full cou ry ame is Federal Republic of Germa y, i ’s o al area - 357,030 sq km. he major i dus ries i Germa y: mo or vehicles, e gi eeri g, chemicals, iro , s eel, coal, elec ro ics, e viro me al ech ology, food, clo hi g. Germa y is popular amo g he ouris s. he Germa clima e is variable so i 's bes o be prepared for all ypes of wea her hroughou he year. ha said, he mos reliable wea her is from May o Oc ober. his coi cides, a urally e ough, wi h he s a dard ouris seaso (excep for skii g). he shoulder periods ca bri g fewer ouris s a d surprisi gly pleasa wea her. here is o special rai y seaso . 1. Germa y: ge eral i forma io 1.1 he his ory of Germa y Germa y's hill-a d- rough his ory kicked i early: from he ime ha everyo e's favouri e fossils, he ea der hals, lef heir jaw-ju i g remai s i he ea der Valley ear Dьsseldorf, his joi has bee i he hick of i . All of Europe's grea empires go heir paws i o Germa y, bu o e was ever able o cou all i s i habi a s as fai hful subjec s. Differe pocke s of fierce resis a ce me he Roma legio s (50 BC o he 5 h ce ury AD), he Fra kish co queror, Charlemag e (up o he early 9 h ce ury), a d O o he Grea 's Holy Roma Empire (from la e i he 10 h ce ury). By he ime he house of Habsburg, ruli g from Vie a, ook co rol i he 13 h ce ury i was li le more ha a co glomera e of Germa -speaki g s a es ru by parochial pri ces. he Habsburgs muddled o u il he devas a i g hir y Years War (1618-48), sparked by o goi g religious a d a io alis co flic s. Europe had bee simmeri g ever si ce 1517 whe Mar i Lu her acked 95 sugges io s for improved service o his local church door i Wi e burg. I ook a bloody good s oush o se le everyo e dow a d secure he righ s of bo h Pro es a s a d Ca holics. Germa y los a hird of i s popula io i he process. Local pri ces assumed comple e sovereig y over a pa chwork of some 300 s a es, which made i all oo easy for apoleo o come alo g i he early 19 h ce ury a d s ar addi g hem o his scrapbook. he Fre ch ever qui e ma aged o subdue Prussia, which became he ce re of Germa resis a ce. I was Prussia ha led he 1813 war ha pu a e d o apoleo 's Germa aspira io s i a decisive ba le a Leipzig. I 1866 O o vo Bismarck, cha cellor of Prussia, a exed mos of Germa y, co solida i g his posi io as bigges wig i Europe wi h a resou di g vic ory over Fra ce i 1871.
he Prussia ki g, Wilhelm I, was i s a ed as Kaiser a d a u i ed Germa y hi he world s age for he firs ime. Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck i 1890, li gered lo g e ough o lead Germa y i o WWI, he s uck off o Holla d i 1918 whe he realised war was ' goi g o e d i a icker- ape parade. Germa y s ruggled wi h civil u res a d a disas rous peace, u i i g o ly i dislike of he reig i g Weimar Republic. he came Adolf Hi ler, a Aus ria drif er a d Germa army ve era who was able o ur ge eral disaffec io i o a focussed lu acy. I 1933 his a io al Socialis Germa Worker's (or azi) Par y assumed ul ima e au hori y over Germa y. Ex ravaga mili ary spe di g a d blasй border be di g gave way o ou righ aggressio , WWII, a d he u rivalled horror of he Holocaus . Eve he Germa s were surprised by he success of heir i i ial i vasio s, bu by 1943 a li a y of heavy losses se he o e for he sluggish march o 1945's u co di io al surre der. Pos war Germa y was divided up be wee he Allies, wi h Bri ai , Fra ce a d he USA co solida i g he wes er por io i o he Federal Republic of Germa y, a d he Sovie zo e ra smogrifyi g i o he commu is Germa Democra ic Republic. his formula for divisio was repea ed i Berli . Wes Germa y received massive i jec io s of US capi al, a rac i g ma y workers from he miserable eco omic co di io s i he Eas u il some brigh spark had he idea of buildi g a wall arou d Wes Berli a d seali g he res of he border. he Cold War's icy eye focussed o Berli . Over he ex 25 years Wes Germa y became o e of he world's mos prosperous a io s while i s commu is Siamese sibli g suffered. he collapse of commu ism i Eas er Europe has o more poig a symbol ha he ope i g of he Berli fro ier. ha was o e of world his ory's be er par ies a he Berli Wall i la e 1989. As a resul of he reu ifica io of Germa y, he Helmu Kohl era was recorded as o e of he mos drama ic periods i he cou ry's his ory. Af er 16 years, however, i came o a e d whe a coali io of Social Democra s a d Gree s ook office i 1998. wo years la er, a i ves iga io was lau ched which u covered ha Kohl a d his co serva ive Chris ia Democra ic U io par y had opera ed a slush-fu d i defia ce of he Germa co s i u io . oday's u i ed Germa y has i s problems, bu he social disloca io which was widely forecas has bee mi imal. Al hough he euphoria of reu ifica io has subsided, a d here is some rese me a d disaffec io from bo h sides, Germa y is worki g owards rue u i y i ypically sedulous fashio . he ex reme righ wi g, al hough i sidious a d occasio ally viole , is poli ically weak. Germa y has absorbed he majori y of refugees from he former Yugoslavia, a d hese a d o her immigra s are arge s of re ewed racis a acks. 1.2 Germa y la d he Habsburgs muddled o u il he devas a i g hir y Years War (1618-48), sparked by o goi g religious a d a io alis co flic s. Europe had bee simmeri g ever si ce 1517 whe Mar i Lu her acked 95 sugges io s for improved service o his local church door i Wi e burg. I ook a bloody good s oush o se le everyo e dow a d secure he righ s of bo h Pro es a s a d Ca holics. Germa y los a hird of i s popula io i he process.
Local pri ces assumed comple e sovereig y over a pa chwork of some 300 s a es, which made i all oo easy for apoleo o come alo g i he early 19 h ce ury a d s ar addi g hem o his scrapbook. he Fre ch ever qui e ma aged o subdue Prussia, which became he ce re of Germa resis a ce. I was Prussia ha led he 1813 war ha pu a e d o apoleo 's Germa aspira io s i a decisive ba le a Leipzig. I 1866 O o vo Bismarck, cha cellor of Prussia, a exed mos of Germa y, co solida i g his posi io as bigges wig i Europe wi h a resou di g vic ory over Fra ce i 1871. he Prussia ki g, Wilhelm I, was i s a ed as Kaiser a d a u i ed Germa y hi he world s age for he firs ime. Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck i 1890, li gered lo g e ough o lead Germa y i o WWI, he s uck off o Holla d i 1918 whe he realised war was ' goi g o e d i a icker- ape parade. Germa y s ruggled wi h civil u res a d a disas rous peace, u i i g o ly i dislike of he reig i g Weimar Republic. he came Adolf Hi ler, a Aus ria drif er a d Germa army ve era who was able o ur ge eral disaffec io i o a focussed lu acy. I 1933 his a io al Socialis Germa Worker's (or azi) Par y assumed ul ima e au hori y over Germa y. Ex ravaga mili ary spe di g a d blasй border be di g gave way o ou righ aggressio , WWII, a d he u rivalled horror of he Holocaus . Eve he Germa s were surprised by he success of heir i i ial i vasio s, bu by 1943 a li a y of heavy losses se he o e for he sluggish march o 1945's u co di io al surre der. Pos war Germa y was divided up be wee he Allies, wi h Bri ai , Fra ce a d he USA co solida i g he wes er por io i o he Federal Republic of Germa y, a d he Sovie zo e ra smogrifyi g i o he commu is Germa Democra ic Republic. his formula for divisio was repea ed i Berli . Wes Germa y received massive i jec io s of US capi al, a rac i g ma y workers from he miserable eco omic co di io s i he Eas u il some brigh spark had he idea of buildi g a wall arou d Wes Berli a d seali g he res of he border. he Cold War's icy eye focussed o Berli . Over he ex 25 years Wes Germa y became o e of he world's mos prosperous a io s while i s commu is Siamese sibli g suffered. he collapse of commu ism i Eas er Europe has o more poig a symbol ha he ope i g of he Berli fro ier. ha was o e of world his ory's be er par ies a he Berli Wall i la e 1989. As a resul of he reu ifica io of Germa y, he Helmu Kohl era was recorded as o e of he mos drama ic periods i he cou ry's his ory. Af er 16 years, however, i came o a e d whe a coali io of Social Democra s a d Gree s ook office i 1998. wo years la er, a i ves iga io was lau ched which u covered ha Kohl a d his co serva ive Chris ia Democra ic U io par y had opera ed a slush-fu d i defia ce of he Germa co s i u io . oday's u i ed Germa y has i s problems, bu he social disloca io which was widely forecas has bee mi imal. Al hough he euphoria of reu ifica io has subsided, a d here is some rese me a d disaffec io from bo h sides, Germa y is worki g owards rue u i y i ypically sedulous fashio . he ex reme righ wi g, al hough i sidious a d occasio ally viole , is poli ically weak.
A Political Biography. London, 1966. 122. Djilas Milovan. Conversations with Stalin. New York, 1962. 123. Gilbert G.M.Nuremberg Diary. New York, 1961. 124. Goebbels Joseph. Diaries. London, 1948. 125. GrossJ.T. Revolution from abroad. The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia. Priceton, 1988. 126. Huntington Ellsworth. Mainspings of Civilization. New York, 1959. 127. Jonge de, Alex Stalin and the Shaping of the Soviet Union. New York, 1986. 128. Harriman Averell W. and Abel Elie. Special Envoy to Chuchill and Stalin. 1941—1946. New York, 1975. 129. Hough Jerry. How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press, 1979. 130. Kilzer Louis C. Churchill's Deception. The Dark Secret That Destroyed Nazi Germany. New York, 1994. 131. Misiunas R., Taagepera R., The Baltic States: Years of Dependence. 1940—1980. Princeton. 1980. 132. Montgomery K.G. The Memoirs. New York, 1959. 133. Shirer W. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. A History of Nazi Germany. London, 1962. 134. Smal-Stocki Roman. The Captive Nations. New York, 1Taylor A. J.P
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