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The Architecture of Ancient Rome |
Гуашь "Классика", 12 цветов. 
Ночник-проектор "Звездное небо и планеты", фиолетовый. 
Фонарь садовый «Тюльпан». министерство образования российской федерации южный федеральный университет институт архитектуры и искусств Реферат на тему: “ he Archi ec ure of A cie Rome&quo ; Выполнила студентка гр. АС - 23 Дудка Е.А. Рецензент: Щербина Л.Д. Co e s I roduc io Archi ec ural Priori ies of A cie Rome Archi ec ural Adva ces: Arches & Co cre e ypes of archi ec ure of A cie Rome Housi g a d Apar me s Public archi ec ure hermae Forum Civil e gi eeri g Aqueduc Bridges Walls Impac of Poli ics a d Religio o Roma Archi ec ure Roma Archi ec ure U like he more crea ive a d i ellec ual Greeks, he Roma s were esse ially prac ical people wi h a flair for e gi eeri g, co s ruc io a d mili ary ma ers. I heir archi ec ure, as i heir ar , hey borrowed heavily from bo h he E rusca s (eg. i heir use of hydraulics for swamp-cleari g a d i he co s ruc io of arches), a d also he Greeks, whom hey regarded as heir superiors i all visual ar s. However, wi hou Roma ar - wi h i s ge ius for copyi g a d adap i g Greek s yles - mos of he ar is ic achieveme s of Greek a iqui y would have bee los . Archi ec ural Priori ies of A cie Rome Roma archi ec ure served he eeds of he Roma s a e, which was kee o impress, e er ai a d ca er for a growi g popula io i rela ively co fi ed urba areas. Social eleme s such as weal h a d high popula io de si ies i ci ies forced he a cie Roma s o discover ew (archi ec ural) solu io s of heir ow . Drai age was a commo problem, as was securi y. his, oge her wi h Rome's growi g desire o i crease i s power a d majes y hroughou I aly a d beyo d, required public buildi gs o be imposi g, large-scale a d highly fu c io al. his is exemplified by Roma archi ec ural achieveme s i drai age sys ems, aqueduc s, bridges, roads, mu icipal s ruc ures like public ba hs, spor s facili ies a d amphi hea res, eve ce ral hea i g sys ems. umerous emples a d hea res were also buil . La er, as heir empire spread, he Roma archi ec s seized he oppor u i y o crea e ew ow s from scra ch, desig i g urba grid-pla s based o wo wide s ree s - a or h-sou h axis ( he cardo) a d a eas -wes axis ( he decuma us). he ow ce re was loca ed a he i ersec io of he wo roads. hey also buil upwards; for example, Os ia, a rich por ci y ear Rome, boas ed a umber of 5-s orey apar me blocks. Roma buildi gs were he buil i he commercial, poli ical, a d social groupi g k ow as a forum, ha of Julius Caesar bei g he firs a d several added la er, wi h he Forum Roma um bei g he mos famous. he grea es are a i he Roma world, he Colosseum, was comple ed arou d 80 A.D. a he far e d of ha forum. I held over 50,000 spec a ors, had re rac able fabric coveri gs for shade, a d could s age massive spec acles i cludi g huge gladia orial co es s a d mock aval ba les. his mas erpiece of Roma archi ec ure epi omizes Roma e gi eeri g efficie cy a d i corpora es all hree archi ec ural orders—Doric, Io ic, a d Cori hia . Less celebra ed bu jus as impor a if o more so for mos Roma ci ize s, was he five-s ory i sulaor ci y block, he Roma equivale of a apar me buildi g, which housed e s of housa ds of Roma s.
I was duri g he reig of raja (98-117 A.D.) a d Hadria (117-138 A.D.) ha he Roma Empire reached i s grea es ex e a d ha Rome i self was a he peak of i s ar is ic glory— achieved hrough massive buildi g programs of mo ume s, mee i g houses, garde s, aqueduc s, ba hs, palaces, pavilio s, sarcophagi, a d emples. Archi ec ural Orders. he Roma s preferred more or a e colum s o he simple Doric a d Io ic. he ame of he colum was also he ame of he archi ec ural order. Colum s were used o suppor s ruc ures as well as for decora io . A word like oc as yle refers o he umber (8) of colum s o he fro row of he porch. Colum s could be made by s acki g drums, bu ma y of he Roma colum s were made of si gle pieces wi h he flu i g lef off. If made of porphyry or o her hard ma erials, hese colum s would be polished. he Roma s also i creased he heigh of he colum s by mou i g hem o pedes als. Roma s also used colum s as bu resses. Archi ec ural Adva ces: Arches & Co cre e Duri g he Republica era, Roma archi ec ure combi ed Greek a d E rusca eleme s, a d produced i ova io s such as he rou d emple a d he curved arch. As Roma power grew i he early empire, he firs emperors i augura ed wholesale leveli g of slums o build gra d palaces o he Pala i e Hill a d earby areas, which required adva ces i e gi eeri g me hods a d large scale desig . Roma archi ec ure was assis ed by major adva ces i bo h desig a d ew ma erials. Desig was e ha ced hrough archi ec ural developme s i he co s ruc io of arches a d roof domes. Arches improved he efficie cy a d capabili y of bridges a d aqueduc s (fewer suppor colum s were eeded o suppor he s ruc ure), while domed roofs o o ly permi ed he buildi g of larger ope areas u der cover, bu also le he ex erior a impressive appeara ce of gra deur a d majes y, as i several impor a secular a d Chris ia basilicas, like he Pa heo . he use of vaul s a d arches oge her wi h a sou d k owledge of buildi g ma erials, for example, e abled hem o achieve u precede ed successes i he co s ruc io of imposi g s ruc ures for public use. Developme s i ma erials were also crucial, as chro icled by Vi ruvius i his book De Archi ec ura. his is exemplified by he Roma i ve io of co cre e (opus ceme icium), a mix ure of lime mor ar, sa d, wa er, a d s o es, i he 3rd ce ury BC. his excep io ally s ro g a d co ve ie subs i u e for s o e revolu io ized Roma e gi eeri g a d archi ec ure. As ile-covered co cre e bega o replace marble as he mai buildi g ma erial, archi ec s could be more dari g. Buildi gs were freed from he rec a gular Greek desig -pla (wi h i s u domed roofs a d li es of pillars suppor i g fla archi raves) a d became less geome ric a d more free-flowi g. Because of hese me hods, Roma archi ec ure is lege dary for he durabili y of i s co s ruc io ; wi h ma y buildi gs s ill s a di g, a d some s ill i use, mos ly buildi gs co ver ed o churches duri g he Chris ia era. Ma y rui s, however, have bee s ripped of heir marble ve eer a d are lef wi h heir co cre e core exposed, hus appeari g somewha reduced i size a d gra deur from heir origi al appeara ce, such as wi h he Basilica of Co s a i e.
he Roma use of he arch, he use of co cre e buildi g me hods, he use of he dome all permi ed co s ruc io of vaul ed ceili gs a d e abled he buildi g of hese public spaces a d complexes, i cludi g he palaces, public ba hs a d basilicas of he “Golde Age” of he empire. Like heir Egyp ia a d he Greek predecessors, archi ec s i a cie Rome embellished heir public buildi gs wi h a wide ra ge of ar works, i cludi g: Roma sculp ure (especially reliefs, s a ues a d bus s of he Emperor), fresco murals, a d mosaics. he co cre e core was covered wi h a plas er, brick, s o e, or marble ve eer, a d decora ive polychrome a d gold-gilded sculp ure was of e added o produce a dazzli g effec of power a d weal h. ypes of archi ec ure of A cie Rome Housi g a d Apar me s Al hough less visible level o he moder observer, a cie Roma s developme s i housi g a d public hygie e are impressive, especially give heir day a d age. Clear examples are public a d priva e ba hs a d la ri es, a d u der-floor hea i g i he form of he hypocaus , double glazi g (examples i Os ia A ica), a d piped wa er(examples i Pompeii). Possibly mos impressive from a urba pla i g poi of view are he mul i-s ory apar me blocks called i sulae ha ca ered o a wide ra ge of reside ial si ua io s. hese buildi gs, solely i e ded for large scale accommoda io , could reach several floors i heigh . I sula es were of e da gerous, u heal hy, a d pro e o fires. here are examples i ci ies like he Roma por ow ofOs ia, ha da e back o he reig of raja a d show how Roma archi ec s me reside ial eeds i a varie y of si ua io s. As a example, co sider he housi g o Via della Foce e: a large-scale real es a e developme ha ca ered o up-a d-comi g middle class e repre eurs. Ra her like moder semi-de ached housi g, hese reside ces had repea ed floor pla s i e ded for easy, eco omical, a d repe i ive co s ruc io . I er al spaces were desig ed o be rela ively low-cos , ye fu c io al a d wi h decora ive eleme s remi isce of he de ached houses a d villas o which he buyers migh aspire la er i heir lives. Each apar me had i s ow errace a d priva e e ra ce. Ex er al walls were i &quo ;Opus Re icula um&quo ; a d i eriors i &quo ;Opus I cer um&quo ;, which would he be plas ered a d some imes pai ed. Some exis i g examples show ha a popular choice of i erior decor was o pai pa els i al er a i g red a d rai bow. Early Roma houses were hu s, of course, much like primi ive peopleґs everywhere. Moder archaeological excava io s have revealed fou da io s of similar hu s da i g o he eigh h ce ury BC. Wha is ge erally co sidered he ypical Roma house, or domus, was a pla adop ed from he E rusca s, he people who domi a ed ce ral I aly before he Roma s. he E rusca s may have received eleme s of heir s yle from Greece a d Mesopo amia, or hey may have developed i i depe de ly. he house of a weal hy ma migh co sis of a doze or so rooms arra ged arou d a par ially roofed cour , o e or wo s ories high, called a a rium. A rec a gular ope i g i he ce er of he a rium roof was posi io ed over a pool, he impluvium, a d surrou ded by a peaked roof covered wi h erra co a iles.
That’s how I seem to see you (вот каким образом, кажется, я /и/ вижу вас)." He gave a whimsical smile (он странно улыбнулся;whimsical — причудливый). "Perhaps I knew you in some past existence (может быть, я знал вас в какой-нибудь прошлой жизни). Perhaps, perhaps you were the master of a galley in ancient Rome (может быть, вы были управляющим на галере в Древнем Риме; master — хозяин, владелец; господин;мастер) and I was a slave at the oar (а я был рабом у весла). Thirty years have you been here (вы тридцать лет /уже/ здесь)?" "Every bit of thirty years (все тридцать лет до одного; every— каждый;bit— кусочек, небольшое количество)." "I wonder if you knew a man called Red (интересно, знали ли вы человека по имени Рыжий)?" "Red?" "That is the only name I’ve ever known him by (только под этим именем я его всегда /и/ знал). I never knew him personally (я никогда /не/ знал его лично). I never even set eyes on him (я никогда даже /не/ видел его; to set— класть, ставить, размещать;eye— глаз; взгляд). And yet I seem to see him more clearly than many men (и все же, кажется, я вижу его более ясно, чем многих /других/ людей), my brothers, for instance (моих братьев, например), with whom I passed my daily life for many years (с которыми я проводил все дни: «мою ежедневную жизнь» в течение многих лет)
2. The Economy of Great Britain
3. Роль СМИ в современном мире (The mass media in the life of Society)
5. The history of railways (История железных дорог)
10. The Economy of Great Britain
11. Особенности ведения бизнеса в Китае (The peculiarities of marketing strategy development in China)
12. Династия Тюдоров (essay the house of Tudor)
13. Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov: on the brink of suicide. Ф.М. Достоевский, Преступление и наказание
14. The influence of the Great Britain on our daily life
16. The Consequences of the Soviet-Afghan War
Копилка "Свинка", с молотком, 15x15x14 см, арт. 223016. 
Набор цветных карандашей STABILO GREENcolors, 12 штук. 
Тележка, арт. 15-11017. 18. The History of Alaska (история Аляски)
19. The Influence of English Mass Culture on Estonia
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25. The profile of an effective manager
28. The teaching of Hugo Gratius
29. The Problem of Holmelessness in Canada
31. London - the capital of Great Britain
32. Review of Bill Gates’s book ”Business @ the Speed of Thought”
Глобус Звездного неба диаметром 320 мм. 
Набор детской складной мебели "Веселая азбука". 
Набор мебели для кухни "Коллекция". 33. The uniqueness of the British
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35. The library of our institute
37. Model of the nucleus of atom and the table of elements
41. The constitution of Ukraine
43. Bosch, Hieronymus: The Temptation of St Anthony
44. The development of computers in ukraine and the former USSR
47. The declaration of independence
48. The history of smart-cards and their place in modern Russia
Набор "Грибочки". 
Набор первоклассника, для мальчиков, 16 предметов. 
Коврик массажный "Микс ежики" от 5 лет. 50. The Feather of Finist the Falcon
51. Is the nature of quantum chaos classical?
52. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
53. The Concept of Youth Subcultures
58. Economy of the Republic of Ireland
59. HOW SIGNIFICANT WAS ALEXANDER DUBCEK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFORMIST COMMUNISM?
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Бумага чертежная "Mega Engineer", А1, 5 листов, 200 г/м2. 
Гель "Meine Liebe" для стирки цветных тканей, 800 миллилитров. 
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75. The problems of the Subjunctive Mood in English
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77. The War of the Roses: the Historical Facts of the Tudor Myth (Shakespeare’s Histories)
78. Historical measurement of the science of governing
79. The unions of artists - "THE BLUE ROSE" AND "THE JACK OF DIAMONDS"
80. Ghandi and the myth of non-violent action
Набор детской посуды "Холодное сердце. Дисней", 3 предмета. 
Аптечка "Скорая помощь" большая. 
Сетка москитная, 1х30 метров, в рулоне, белая. 81. The impact of the French Revolution on the European system
82. Great Britain: the Land of Traditions
83. The Killing of Percy Casserley
84. The Clash of Civilizations
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Вертикальный накопитель, пластиковый, черный, ширина 240 мм, 4 отделения, органайзер. 
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98. Redesigning the Dragon Financial Reform in the Peoples Republic of China
