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Word stress in English |
Мыло металлическое "Ликвидатор". 
Браслет светоотражающий, самофиксирующийся, желтый. 
Чашка "Неваляшка". Mi is ry of Educa io a d Scie ce of Ukrai e Dragoma ov a io al Pedagogical U iversi y I s i u e of foreig philology E glish philology depar me Word- S ress Repor of heore ical pho e ic Lyubchich Ira 405 E group Kiev 2009 Co e s I roduc io he a ure of E glish Word S ress ypes of E glish Word S ress Word S ress e de cies Word S ress fu c io s Varia io i word s ress E glish Word S ress - Does I Really Ma er? Co clusio Refere ces I roduc io Word s ress is o used i all la guages. Some la guages, Japa ese or Fre ch for example, pro ou ce each syllable wi h eq-ual em-pha-sis. O her la guages, E glish for example, use word s ress. Word s ress is your magic key o u ders a di g spoke E glish. a ive speakers of E glish use word s ress a urally. Word s ress is so a ural for hem ha hey do ' eve k ow hey use i . o - a ive speakers who speak E glish o a ive speakers wi hou usi g word s ress, e cou er wo problems: hey fi d i difficul o u ders a d a ive speakers, especially hose speaki g fas . he a ive speakers may fi d i difficul o u ders a d hem. So, i his repor we will focus our a e io o he acce ual pa er s of E glish words. he seque ce of syllables i he word is o pro ou ced ide ically. he syllable or syllables which are u ered wi h more promi e ce ha he o her syllables of he word are said o be s ressed or acce ed. he correla io of varyi g promi e ces of syllables i a word is u ders ood as he acce ual s ruc ure of he word or i s s ress pa er . I. he a ure of E glish Word S ress A y word spoke i isola io has a leas o e promi e syllable. We perceive i as s ressed. S ress i he isola ed word is ermed ws, s ress i co ec ed speech is ermed se e ce s ress. S ress i dica ed by placi g a s ress mark before he s ressed syllable: S ress is defi ed differe ly by differe au hors. B. A. Bogor sky, for i s a ce, defi ed s ress as a i crease of e ergy, accompa by a i crease of expira ory a d ar icula ory ac ivi y. D. Jo es fi ed s ress as he degree of force, which is accompa ied by a s ress force of exhala io a d gives a impressio of loud ess. H. Swee s a ed ha s ress is co ec ed wi h he force of brea h. La er, however P. Jo es wro e, ha “s ress or promi e ce is effec ed by i here so ori y, vowel a d co so a le g h a d by i o a io .”’ A. C. Giso also admi s ha a more promi e syllable is accompa ied pi ch cha ges i he voice, quali y a d qua i y of he acce ed sou ds. I disyllabic a d polysyllabic words differe syllables possess differe degrees of special promi e ce i differe posi io s i rela io o he begi i g, middle a d e d of words. Word s ress (WS) ca be defi ed as he si gli g ou of o e or more syllables i a word, which is accompa ied by he cha ge of he force of u era ce, pi ch of he voice, quali a ive a d qua i a ive charac eris ics of he sou d which is usually a vowel. he a alysis of WS ca be carried ou accordi g o he followi g parame ers: (i) he a ure of E glish word-s ress; (ii) i s degree a d syllabic loca io ; (iii) i s fu c io s; (iv) basic s ress pa er s of he E glish words. If we compare s ressed a d u s ressed syllables i he wo co rac , we may o e ha i he s ressed syllable: (a) he force of u era ce is grea er, which is co ec ed wi h more e erge ic ar icula io ; (b) he pi ch of he voice is higher, which is co ec ed wi h s ro ger e se ess of he vocal cords a d he walls of he reso a ce chamber (c) he qua i y of he vowel is grea er, a vowel becomes lo ger; (d) he quali y of he vowel !& i he s ressed syllable is differe from he quali y of his vowel i he u s ressed posi io , i why i is more arrow ha .
O he audi ory level a s ressed syllable is he par of he word which has a special promi e ce. I is produced by a grea er loud a d le g h, modifica io s i he pi ch a d quali y. heir physic correla es are: i e si y, dura io , freque cy a d he forma s ruc ure. All hese fea ures ca be a alyzed o he acous ic level. Word s ress ca be defi ed as he si gli g ou of o e or more s ables i a word, which is accompa ied by he cha ge of he force u era ce, pi ch of he voice, quali a ive a d qua i a ive charac eris ics of he sou d, which is usually a vowel. I differe la guages o e of he fac ors co s i u i g word s ress is usually more sig ifica ha he o hers. Accordi g o he mo impor a fea ure differe ypes of word s ress are dis i guished differe la guages. If special promi e ce i a s ressed syllable or syllables achieved mai ly hrough he i e si y of ar icula io , such ype s ress is called dy amic, or force s ress. S ress ca be s udied from he poi of view of produc io a d of percep io . While produci g s ressed syllables, speakers use more muscular e ergy ha hey do for u s ressed syllables. From he percep ual poi of view, s ressed syllables are recog ized as s ressed because hey are more promi e ha u s ressed syllables. Pho e icia s claim ha a leas four differe fac ors are impor a i maki g a syllable promi e : lis e ers seem o feel s ressed syllables louder ha u s ressed; hus loud ess is a compo e of WS (Pe er Roach explai s ha if o e syllable i a seque ce of ide ical syllables, e.g. ba:ba:ba:ba:, is made louder ha he o hers, i will be heard as s ressed); 2) if o e of he syllables i he above-give “ o se se” word is made lo ger, ha syllable is heard s ressed, so he le g h of he syllables is a o her impor a fac or i maki g promi e ce; 3) every syllable is said o some pi ch (rela ed o he freque cy of vibra io of he vocal cords which is a esse ial percep ual charac eris ic of speech) . If o e syllable is said wi h high pi ch as compared o he o hers he i will be heard as s ressed; 4) a syllable ca be heard promi e if i co ai s a vowel ha is differe i quali y from eighbouri g vowels. If o e of he vowels i he “ o se se word” is cha ged, he “odd” syllable: will be heard as s ressed. he pho e ic ma ifes a io of s ress varies from la guage o la guage. I differe la guages o e of he fac ors co s i u i g word s ress is usually more sig ifica ha he o hers. Accordi g o he mos salie fea ure he followi g ypes of word s ress are dis i guished i differe la guages: 1) dy amic or force s ress if special promi e ce i a s ressed syllable(syllables) is achieved mai ly hrough he i e si y of ar icula io ; 2) musical or o ic s ress if special promi e ce is achieved mai ly hrough he cha ge of pi ch, or musical o e. 3) qua i a ive s ress if special promi e ce is achieved hrough he cha ges i he qua i y of he vowels, which are lo ger i he s ressed syllables ha i he u s ressed o es. 4) quali a ive s ress if special promi e ce is achieved hrough he cha ges i he quali y of he vowel u der s ress. Vowel reduc io is of e used as a ma ipula io of quali y i u s ressed syllables.
II. ypes of E glish Word S ress ypes of E glish word s ress accordi g o i s degree. O e of he ways of rei i ia i g he promi e ce of syllables is ma ipula i g he degree of s ress. here is co roversy abou degrees of WS i E glish a d heir ermi ology. S ric ly speaki g, polysyllabic word has as ma y degrees of s ress as here are syllables i i . Desig a i g s ro ges syllable by 1, he seco d s ro ges by 2, e c., we may represe he dis ribu io Jesses i he followi g examples: exami a io i divisibili y igzemi ei i divizibilo i 32415 2536174 Bu from a li guis ic poi , i.e. for he purposes of differe ia i g words from each a d ide ifyi g hem, he four h, he fif h a d o her degrees of lexical s ress are redu da E glish, while he dis i c ive a d recog i ive releva ce of he hird degree of s ress is a objec ive poi . he majori y of Bri ish pho e icia s (D. Jo es, Ki gdo , A. C. Gimso amo g hem) a d Russia pho e icia s (V. A. Vassilyev, Shakhbagova) co sider ha here are hree degrees of word-s ress i E glish: • primary — he s ro ges • seco dary — he seco d s ro ges , par ial, a d • weak — all he o her degrees. he syllables beari g ei her primary or seco dary s ress are ermed s ressed, while syllables wi h weak s ress are called, somewha i accura ely, u s ressed. America li guis s s i gies four degrees of word s ress, addi g he so-called er iary s ress . Co rary s ress differs from er iary ha i usually occurs o he hird or four h pre- o ic syllable, a d er iary is always pos - o ic, e.g. admi is ra ive, dic io ary. ca egory. E glish la guage o o ly hrough he i crease of i e si y, bu also hrough he cha ges i he vowel qua i y, co so a a d vowel quali y a d pi ch of he voice. Russia word s ress is o o ly dy amic bu mos ly qua i a ive a d quali a ive. he le g h of he Russia vowels always depe ds o he posi io i a word. he quali y of u acce ed vowels i Russia may differ grea ly from he quali y of he same vowels u der s ress. S ress difficul ies peculiar o he acce ual s ruc ure of he E glish la guage are co ec ed wi h he vowel special a d i here promi e ce. I ide ical posi io s he i e si y of E glish vowels is differe . he highes i i e si y is /a/, he u:, u, e, u, he qua i y of lo g vowels a d diph ho gs ca be preserved (a) pre o ic a d (b) pos - o ic posi io . All E glish vowels may occur i acce ed syllables, he o ly excep io is /, which is ever s ressed. E glish vowels /i, u, u/ e d o occur i u s ressed syllables. Syllables wi h he syllabic m, / are ever s ressed. U s ressed diph ho gs may par ially lose heir glide quali y. I s ressed syllables E glish s ops have comple e closure, frica ives have full fric io , fea ures of for ies/le is dis i c io are clearly defi ed. S ress ca be charac erized as fixed a d free. I la guages wi h fixed ype of s ress he place of s ress is always he same. I E glish a d Russia word-s ress is free, ha is i may fall a y syllable i a word: a) idea sarcas ic archaic b) placard railway S ress i E glish a d i Russia is o o ly free bu also shif i g. I bo h la guages he place of s ress may shif , which helps 0 differe ia e differe par s of speech, e.g
Второй факт, или вторая Благородная истина, заключается в том, что у этой ситуации неподконтрольного круговращения, круговращения неведения, круговращения страдания существует определённая причина, вызывающая его. Its not coming from no cause. Она не возникла беспричинно, Its not coming from a cause which is completely irrelevant or from some higher power that is punishing us. она не возникла из причины совершенно иррелевантной этому круговращению, то есть никак с ним не связанной, типа какой-то, чей-то чуждой воли, некоего творца, создавшего всё это, наказывающего нас. But its coming from a cause which is in harmony with what the problem is. And that cause is our unawareness of reality. Но возникла она из причины, которая тесно связана и гармонична с порождённой ею ситуацией, а именно из нашего фундаментального неведения, незнания. Often, that is translated as ignorance. The connotation of that word in English is stupid. And its not that its stupid: there is no connotation within that that is stupid. И здесь необходимо разобраться в этимологии терминов
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