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Political System of the USA |
Браслет светоотражающий, самофиксирующийся, желтый. 
Брелок LED "Лампочка" классическая. 
Фонарь желаний бумажный, оранжевый. he . he USA is a federal u io of 50 s a es. he basic law is he co s i u io , adop ed i 1787, which prescribes he s ruc ure of a io al gover me a d lis s i s righ s a d fields of au hori y. Each s a e has i s gover me a d all of hem have he dual charac er of bo h Federal a d S a e gover me . he poli ical sys em of he USA is divided i o hree bra ches: judicial, legisla ive a d execu ive. Each bra ch holds a cer ai degree of power over he o hers, a d all ake par i he gover me al process. he flag. I is called he s ars a d he s ripes a d old glory. I was adop ed i 1777. he red s ripes proclaim courage, he whi e - liber y, a d he field of blue s a ds for loyal y. he coa of arms. he coa of arms of he US represe s a eagle wi h wi gs ou spread, holdi g a ba gle of rods ( he symbol of admi is er) i he lef claw a d olive wig ( he emblem of love) i he righ claw. he mo o of he coa of arms is 'o e ou of ma y&quo ; (apli ibus u ). he ick ame. I was i 1812 whe he ick ame of he US gover me &quo ;U cle Sam&quo ; appeared. 'U cle' Samuel Wilso supplied beef o he America army, duri g he war of 1812, s a di g his barrels wi h he le ers 'U. S.’ he army as ‘U cle Sam’s’ k ew his beef, a d la er o his familiar ame became associa ed wi h he US gover me . he co s i u io of he USA. Al hough he America sys em of gover me is based o Grea Bri ai 's, i differs i havi g a wri e co s i u io , ha is he bases of all gover me a d law. he co s i u io of he US was adop ed af er he War of I depe de ce o he 17 h of Sep ember 1787. I lis s he se of rules, law regula io s, which provide he prac ical orms, regula i g he work of he gover me . he docume imbodied he prac ical heories of ma of proper y. he mai pri ciple u derli e he co s i u io was as follows: &quo ;Priva e proper y is he backbo e of liber y&quo ;. I was pu forward by a rich pla a io ow er from Virgi ia James Madiso , who is k ow o be a fa her of he co s i u io . he co s i u io co sis s of Preamble a d seve ar icles. 27 ame dme s have so far bee added o i s origi al ex . he firs 10 ame dme s, k ow as &quo ; he Bill of Righ s', were added i a group i 1791. hese ame dme s es ablish he i dividual righ s a d freedoms o all people of he s a es, i cludi g freedom of speech, freedom of he press, freedom of worship e c. America s fill ha of all freedoms, proclaimed i he co s i u io , here is o ly o e freedom - he freedom of e erprise. Bu i mea s freedom of he weal hy people o ly. he 21s ame dme limi ed he Preside 's ruli g by maximum wo erms. he legisla ive bra ch. Supreme legisla ive power i he America gover me lies wi h Co gress: he Se a e, he upper house; a d he House of he Represe a ives - he Lower House. Each s a e has i s ow gover me - S a e Assemblies or, Legisla ures wi h wo houses. Accordi g o he co s i u io of he USA, all ci ize s of bo h sexes over 18 years of age has a righ of vo i g, bu i reali y he umber of vo ers is much smaller. he mai ask of Co gress is o make federal laws, o levy federal axes, o make rules for rade, o cor mo ey, o orga ise Armed forces, o declare war, o make ame dme s o he co s i u io or pu foreig rea ies i o effec .
U der he co s i u io he US Se a e has some special powers, o give o he House of represe a ives. I approves or disapproves he mai preside ial appoi me s: Ambassadors. Cabi e Members a d federal judges; also ra ify by a 2/3 vo e rea me s be wee he USA a d foreig cou ries. he House of Represe a ives has a special power of i s ow - o i ve a bill o raise mo ey. he Se a e is composed of 100 members - wo from each of 50 s a es, who are elec ed for a erm of years. Al hough co gressio al elec io s ake place every wo years, o ly 1/3 of he Se a e is reelec ed. A Se a or mus be a leas 30 y years old, a ci ize of he USA for 9 years a d a reside of he s a e from which he is elec ed. Democra s si i he wes er par of he chamber - o Vice-preside righ . Republica s si o his lef . Vice-preside presides over he Se a e a d co duc s deba es. he Se a e is s able a d more co serva ive ha he House of Represe a ives a d ma y Se a ors are more experie ced poli icia s. he House of represe a ives has 450 members. he umber of Represe a ives depe ds o he popula io of each s a e. A Represe a ive mus be a leas 25 years age, a US ci ize for 7 years a d live i he s a e from which he is elec ed. Democra s si o he Speakers righ , republica s - o his lef . he Speaker presides over he House a d co duc s deba es. he Speaker, like Vice-preside , may vo e. Mos of he Co gressme are layers, busi essma a d ba kers. he America press as a u represe a ive i s i u io some imes cri icises he US Co gress. he Co gress i work. A ew Co gress sessio begi s o he 3rd of Ja uary each odd umber year a d co i ues for wo years. A Co gressma mus work lo g a d hard. Bu mos of heir work is do e i commi ee mee i gs. Here bills are s udied, exper s are co sul ed, a d recomme da io s are made o he whole House of Se a e. Duri g a wo year erm of a Co gress, as ma y as 20000 bills are i roduced. here are 16 's a di g' or perma e commi ees i he Se a e, a d 22 i he House. hey accep a d improve some bills, bu rejec mos of hem. For a bill becomes a law i mus be read, s udied i commi ees, comme ed o a d ame ded i he Se a e or House chamber i which i was i roduced. I is he vo ed upo . If i passes, i is se o he o her house where a similar procedure occurs. Members of bo h houses work oge her i &quo ;co fere ce commi ees&quo ; if he chambers have passed differe versio s of he same bill. Groups who ry o persuade Co gressme o vo e for or agai s a bill are k ow as &quo ;lobbies&quo ;. Whe bo h houses of Co gress pass a bill o which hey agree, i is se o he preside for his sig a ure. If Preside is disapproves, he ve oes a d refusi g o sig i , a d se ds i back o Co gress. Preside ’s objec io are read a d deba ed. o overcome he Preside 's ve o, he bill mus ge a 2/3 majori y i each chamber.Lobbyis s. Of e discussi g Co gress of he USA, he hird chamber is me io ed. I 's a specific America phe ome a called lobbies. oday ifs big corpora io s, social orga isa io s, foreig diploma s, who ry o i flue ce lawmaki g process i heir favour. his is do e wi h he help of lobbyis s. Prac ically lobbyism (backs age i flue ce i legisla io ) has become legal, i mea s, ha he passi g of a bill ca be preve ed, if i does ’ sui he i eres s of a defi i e group of big busi ess.
Lobbyis s make all hemselves legisla ive cou cils. More a d more people realise ha legisla io is shaped as much by he hidde i flue ces, as by he public deba es. he execu ive bra ch. he execu ive power i he USA belo gs o he Preside a d his Admi is ra io . he Preside cy i he USA is he highes gover me al office. Preside i he USA is he head of he s a e a d he gover me , a d also he comma der-i -chief of he US Armed Forces. Vice-reside a d he Cabi e assis preside . he Preside a d Vice-preside are elec ed for a erm of four years a d ca be reelec ed. Preside mus be a a ural-bor ci ize of he USA a d a leas 35 years old, a d for a leas 14 years reside of he USA. he erm of office of he Preside begi s o he 2 d of Ja uary. Preside ial elec io s are head i wo s ages - i ovember a d December. Before he elec io s he ca dida es for Preside cy our he cou ry, mee i g people a d deliveri g speeches. he preside , as he chief formula or of public policy, of e proposes legisla io o Co gress. he preside ca also ve o (forbid) a y bill passed by Co gress. he ve o ca be overridde by a wo- hirds vo e i bo h he Se a e a d House of Represe a ives. As head of his poli ical par y, wi h ready access o he ews media, he preside ca easily i flue ce public opi io regardi g issues a d legisla io ha he deems vi al. Preside co duc s foreig affairs, sig ed docume s, appoi s diploma s, Cabi e Members, federal judges wi h he co se a d advice of he Se a e. He ou li es he course of his admi is ra io hrew Co gress. Vice-preside presides over he Se a e, his o her du ies are i defi i e. He akes he preside 's office, if he preside is u able o fi ish his erm. So Vice-preside is 'a forgo e ma of he America poli ics'. A Cabi e of 12 members assis s he US Preside . Cabi e secre aries correspo d o Europea mi is ers. hey are heads of differe depar me s a d are respo sible o Preside . oday hese 13 depar me s are S a e, reasury, Defe ce, Jus ice, I erior, Agricul ure, Commerce, Labour, Heal h a d Huma Services, Housi g a d Urba Developme , ra spor a io , E ergy a d Educa io . he S a e Depar me ra ks ahead of o hers. he poli ical power of he Secre ary of he S a e is he seco d o ly o ha of he preside . He mus mai ai s peace a d ego ia es eco omic a d poli ical rea ess. Besides, Preside has a i er Cabi e , he so-called 'whi e-house office', i. e. immedia e assis a ce a d advises of he Preside . he House of Represe a ives may bri g charges agai s he Preside , i is called 'impeachme ' - a formal accusa io agai s a public official by a legisla ive body, for reaso , bribery a d o her high crimes. U der he Co s i u io , he preside is primarily respo sible for foreig rela io s wi h o her a io s. He of e represe s he U i ed S a es abroad i co sul a io s wi h o her heads of s a e, a d, hrough his officials, he ego ia es rea ies wi h over cou ries. Such rea ies mus be approved by a wo- hirds vo e of he Se a e. Preside s also ego ia e wi h o her a io s less formal &quo ;execu ive agreeme s&quo ; ha are o subjec o Se a e approval.I augura io . I augura io always akes place o he 20 h of Ja uary, i is a official ac of i s alli g he Preside of he USA o his office.
Information must pulse through this loop at accelerating speeds, with the output of one group becoming the input for many others, so that no group, however politically potent it may seem, can independently set goals for the whole. As the number of social components multiplies, and change jolts and destabilizes the entire system, the power of subgroups to wreak havoc on the whole is tremendously amplified. There is, in the words of W. Ross Ashby, a brilliant cyberneticist, a mathematically provable law to the effect that "when a whole system is composed of a number of subsystems, the one that tends to dominate is the one that is least stable." Another way of stating this is that, as the number of social components grows and change makes the whole system less stable, it becomes less and less possible to ignore the demands of political minorities – hippies, blacks, lower-middle-class Wallacites, school teachers, or the proverbial little old ladies in tennis shoes. In a slower-moving, industrial context, America could turn its back on the needs of its black minority; in the new, fast-paced cybernetic society, this minority can, by sabotage, strike, or a thousand other means, disrupt the entire system
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