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Промышленность и Производство
Технология
Respiration and Respiratory Systems |
Respira io a d Respira ory Sys ems LU G CA CER Up o he ime of World War II, ca cer of he lu g was a rela ively rare co di io . he i crease i i s i cide ce i Europe af er World War II was a firs ascribed o be er diag os ic me hods, bu by 1956 i had become clear ha he ra e of i crease was oo grea o be accou ed for i his way. A ha ime he firs epidemiological s udies bega o i dica e ha a lo g his ory of cigare e smoki g was associa ed wi h a grea i crease i risk of dea h from lu g ca cer. By 1965 ca cer of he lu g a d bro chus accou ed for 43 perce of all ca cers i he U i ed S a es i me , a i cide ce early hree imes grea er ha ha of he seco d mos commo ca cer (of he pros a e gla d) i me , which accou ed for 16.7 perce of ca cers. he 1964 Repor of he Advisory Commi ee o he Surgeo Ge eral of he Public Heal h Service (U i ed S a es) co cluded ca egorically ha cigare e smoki g was causally rela ed o lu g ca cer i me . Si ce he , ma y fur her s udies i diverse cou ries have co firmed his co clusio . he i cide ce of lu g ca cer i wome bega o rise i 1960 a d co i ued risi g hrough he mid-1980s. his is believed o be explai ed by he la er developme of heavy cigare e smoki g i wome compared wi h me , who grea ly i creased heir cigare e co sump io duri g World War II. By 1988 here was evide ce sugges i g ha he peak i cide ce of lu g ca cer due o cigare e smoki g i me may have bee passed. he i cide ce of lu g ca cer mor ali y i wome , however, is i creasi g. he reaso for he carci oge ici y of obacco smoke is o k ow . obacco smoke co ai s ma y carci oge ic ma erials, a d al hough i is assumed ha he " ars" i obacco smoke probably co ai a subs a ial frac io of he ca cer-causi g co de sa e, i is o ye es ablished which of hese is respo sible. I addi io o i s si gle-age effec s, cigare e smoki g grea ly po e ia es he ca cer-causi g proclivi y of asbes os fibres, i creases he risk of lu g ca cer due o i hala io of rado daugh ers (produc s of he radioac ive decay of rado gas), a d possibly also i creases he risk of lu g ca cer due o arse ic exposure. Cigare e smoke may be a promo er ra her ha a i i ia or of lu g ca cer, bu his ques io ca o be resolved u il he process of ca cer forma io is be er u ders ood. Rece da a sugges ha hose who do o smoke bu who live or work wi h smokers a d who herefore are exposed o e viro me al obacco smoke may be a i creased risk for lu g ca cer, eloque es imo y o he power of cigare es o i duce or promo e he disease. Because lu g ca cer is caused by differe ypes of umour, because i may be loca ed i differe par s of he lu g, a d because i may spread beyo d he lu gs a a early s age, he firs symp oms o ed by he pa ie vary from blood s ai i g of he spu um, o a p eumo ia ha does o resolve fully wi h a ibio ics, o shor ess of brea h due o a pleural effusio ; he physicia may discover dis a me as ases o he skele o , or i he brai ha cause symp oms u rela ed o he lu g. Lymph odes may be i volved early, a d e largeme of he lymph odes i he eck may lead o a ches exami a io a d he discovery of a umour. I some cases a small umour me as asis i he ski may be he firs sig of he disease.
Lu g ca cer may develop i a i dividual who already has chro ic bro chi is a d who herefore has had a cough for ma y years. he diag osis depe ds o securi g issue for his ological exami a io , al hough i some cases his e ails removal of he e ire eoplasm before a defi i ive diag osis ca be made. Survival from lu g ca cer has improved very li le i he pas 40 years. Early de ec io wi h rou i e ches radiographs has bee a emp ed, a d large-scale rials of rou i e spu um exami a io for he de ec io of malig a cells have bee co duc ed, bu ei her scree i g me hod appears o have a major impac o mor ali y. herefore, a e io has bee ur ed o preve io by every mea s possible. Foremos amo g hem are effor s o i form he public of he risk a d o limi he adver isi g of cigare es. S eps have bee ake o reduce asbes os exposure, bo h i he workplace a d i public a d priva e buildi gs, a d o co rol air pollu io . he co ribu io of air pollu io o he i cide ce of lu g ca cer is o k ow wi h cer ai y, hough here is clearly a "urba " fac or i volved. Perso s exposed o rado daugh ers are a risk for lu g ca cer. he hazard from exposure was formerly hough o be co fi ed o ura ium mi ers, who, by vir ue of heir work u dergrou d, e cou er high levels of hese radioac ive ma erials. However, sig ifica levels of rado daugh ers have bee de ec ed i houses buil over a ural sources, a d wi h i creasi gly efficie i sula io of houses, rado daugh ers may reach co ce ra io s high e ough o place he occupa s a risk for lu g ca cer. A rece survey of houses i he U i ed S a es i dica ed ha abou 2 perce of all houses had a level of rado daugh ers ha posed some risk o he occupa s. Major regio al varia io s i he a ural dis ribu io of rado occur, a d i is o ye possible o qua ify precisely he ac ual mag i ude of he risk. I some regio s of he world (such as he Salzburg regio of Aus ria) levels are high e ough ha rado daugh ers are believed o accou for he majori y of cases of lu g ca cer i o smokers. Workers exposed o arse ic i me al smel i g opera io s, a d he commu i y arou d he fac ories from which arse ic is emi ed, have a i creased risk for lu g ca cer. Arse ic is widely used i he elec ro ics i dus ry i he ma ufac ure of microchips, a d careful surveilla ce of his i dus ry may be eeded o preve fu ure disease. Some ypes of lu g ca cer are u rela ed o cigare e smoki g. Alveolar cell ca cer is a slowly spreadi g co di io ha affec s me a d wome i equal propor io a d is o rela ed o cigare e smoki g. Pulmo ary ade ocarci oma of he lu g also has a more equal sex i cide ce ha o her ypes, a d al hough i s i cide ce is i creased i smokers, i may also be caused by o her fac ors. I is commo o feel i ui ively ha o e should be able o appor io cases of lu g ca cer amo g discre e causes, o a perce age basis. Bu i mul ifac orial disease, his is o possible. Al hough he i cide ce of lu g ca cer would probably be far lower wi hou cigare e smoki g, he co ribu io of ei her his fac or or a y of he o her fac ors me io ed ca be precisely qua ified.
She was very horny as she fell into Ryan McCarthy's arms in the backseat of the darkened LTD. She no longer cared about the greatest view in all of Madison County. The little girl's waist was very slender. Indeed, her waist measured a mere twenty-two inches. Her hips were round at both the sides and at the rear. Her belly was flat. Her bellybutton was dimpled and concave. Her loins were femininely sloped. Her fanny was every bit as smooth as when she was just a little baby. The little girl had a very sexy walk, which, of course, Ryan had not failed to notice before he asked her out in the first place. The little girl could feel her tits heaving up and down inside her dress a little bit by this time as her respiratory system became affected by her growing lust. The little girl swung her round hips from side to side like a pendulum as part of her natural gait. There were no affectations involved in her walk. Martha wrapped her slender arms around the football quarterback's thick neck. She twined her fingers at the back of his neck, just below the base of his skull, and clung to him tightly
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